Objective To reveal the hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) coverage among pre-school children in Shandong province before Hepatitis A vaccine was introduced to the EPI and to provide evidence for improving the strategy for hepatitis A control.Methods A cross-section survey was conducted among children aged between 2 and 6 years old in Shandong province in March 2008.The study population was selected by random sampling method and HepA immunization history was obtained by immunization record or recall.Results 78.90% had received one dose of HepA at least.The coverage rate decreased with age and the differences in three age groups were statistically significant (x 2 =11.54,P=0.02).The coverage rates among the boys and girls were 77.67% and 80.30% respectively,the difference was not significantly(x 2 =1.17,P=0.28).The HepA coverage rates among the children living in the eastern areas and in the richer areas were higher than the centrale and western areas and poverty areas,the difference has statistic significance (x 2 =27.25,58.17,P

Low levels of hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA,viral mutation leading to failure of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) detection and peripheral blood monouclear cells(PMBC) infected by HBV are the main reasons for occult hepatitis B virus infection(OBI).The host's immune state and HCV infection,schistosoma infection and long-time drinking also play parts in OBI.Until now,there were no uniform way to detect OBI and the standards to judge detection results varied in different studies.Formulating the uniform standards to detect OBI is very necessary to compare the different studies.And further studies were also needed to classify the molecular form about OBI and their relative frequency.

Nitrogen removal techniques based on Anammox process are developing rapidly these years. The distribution and diversity of Anammox have become important research directions. A variety of Anammox have been detected till now, of which only Kuenenia and Brocadia are often detected in wastewater treatment systems. In addition, in a single niche there is only one type of Anammox bacteria. However, the distribution mechanism and transformation of Anammox bacteria in different niches are still ambiguous. Therefore, the distribution of Anammox in various conditions was summarized and analyzed in this article. And the key factors influencing the distribution of Anammox were concluded, including substrate concentration and the specific growth rate, sludge properties and microbial niche, the joint action and influence of multiple factors. The engineering significance research on the distribution and influencing factors of Anammox bacteria in the sewage system and proposed research prospects were expounded.
Ammonia ; chemistry ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Sewage ; microbiology ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Waste Water

Objective To investigate the role of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in premonishing hepatogenous diabetes subsequent to chronic liver disease related to hepatitis B virus. Methods Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) were measured in 176 patients, including 80 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 66 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 30 patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB). In addition 30 healthy subjects served as control (group HC). None of the subjects in the study had a history of diabetes. FPG and FINS were measured in all the subjects to exclude impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Then HOMA-IR was calculated. Results Among the HC and CHB, LC and CSHB patients, both FINS and HOMA-IR levels gradually elevated. FINS and HOMA-IR in CHB patients (10.58?6.48, 2.35?1.55) were significantly higher than those in group HC (8.06?2.14,1.68?1.53), while lower than those in LC (12.73?5.88, 2.91?1.41) and CSHB (18.30?14.17, 4.35?3.17) patients (P0.05), while the values of FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in severe patients than those in moderate patients (P0.05), while the values of FPG were significantly higher in LC and CSHB patients than those in group HC (P

Aim To explore the effect of protein kinase D1 (PKD1 )on adherence,migration,proliferation, microvascular formation,and eNOS expression in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)of rats.Method The EPCs were isolated from bone marrow of rats,cultured and detected,the effects of PKD1 and its specific blocking agent CID755673 on adhesion,migration,proliferation,or microvascular formation were observed,as well as mRNA and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS ) in EPCs.Results PKD1 significantly promoted adhe-sion,migration,proliferation and microvascular forma-tion of EPCs,and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of eNOS in EPCs,according to the cell cul-ture experiments of EPCs in vitro.Conclusion PKD1 has the role of angiogenesis through regulation of EPCs,which might be dependent on eNOS.

Objective To explore the effect of astragalus extracts on adherence, migration, cell viability, microvascular formation, and eNOS expression in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) of rats. Methods EPCs were cultured, isolated and identified in vitro and divided into four groups: low titer group (10-4 g/L of astragalus extracts), middle titer group (10-3 g/L of astragalus extracts), high titer group (10-2 g/L of astragalus extracts) and control group. The effects of astragalus extract on adhesion, migration or microvascular formation were observed under the inverted microscope and com?pared between all groups;Cell viability was detected by MTT assay;mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of en?dothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in EPCs were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot re?spectively. Results Compared with the control group, cell adhesion, migration and microvascular formation of EPCs all en?hanced with addition of astragalus extracts in a dose dependent manner (F=15.256, 13.633, 97.549 respectively, and P <0.05 in all cases); Cell vitality of EPCs increased with administration of astragalus extracts in a time and dose dependant manner. (F=9.755 for time and F=10.18 for dose). mRNA transcription and protein expression of eNOS in EPCs were up-reg?ulated with addition of astragalus extracts in a dose dependent manner (F=56.356 and 77.125 respectively, and P<0.05 in both cases). Conclusion Astragalus extracts play important role in angiogenesis in EPCs probably through up-regulating expressions of eNOS.

Objective To investigate the effects of Qishen Erlian Decoction on serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels in thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis rats; To discuss its mechanism of action. Methods Liver fibrosis model was created by the TAA gavage method. 120 SD male rats were randomly assigned to control group, model group, colchicine group, Qishen Erlian Decoction low-, medium- and high-dose group (20 in each group). Each medication group was given relevant medicine for gavage. Control group and model group were given the same amount of normal saline for gavage, once a day for 5 weeks. HE staining and Masson trichrome staining were used to observe the pathological changes in liver tissue and liver tissue damage. Biochemistry, radioimmunoassay, and ELISA were used to detect the serum liver function, hepatic fibrosis index, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels. Results Compared with the model group, serum ALT, AST, TBIL, γ-GGT, HA, LN, Ⅳ-C and PCⅢ levels, MMP-1 and the ratio of MMP-1/TIMP-1 increased significantly and level of TIMP-1 decreased significantly in Qishen Erlian Decoction groups, with statistical significance (P<0.05, P<0.01). And there is a certain dose-effect relationship, with Qishen Erlian Decoction high-dose group the best effect. Conclusion Qishen Erlian Decoction can improve the liver function and liver fibrosis indexes, regulate the level of MMP-1 and TIMP-1, and prevent the progression of liver fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the long-term effect of Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) block on spasticity in cerebral palsy. Methods From June, 2005 to December, 2013, 51 children with spastic cerebral palsy accepted routine rehabilitation with (trial group, n=24) or without (control group, n=27) BTX-A block. They were assessed with modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Physician Rating Scale (PRS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) before treatment, and with PRS and GMFM two years after treatment. Results There was no significant difference between two groups in ages, body mass, and scores of MAS, PRS and GMFM before treatment (t<1.207,χ2=0.076, P>0.05). The scores of PRS and GMFM improved in both groups two years after treatment (t>2.217, P<0.05), and improved more in the trial group than in the control group (t>2.095, P<0.05). Conclusion The long-term effect of BTX-A block is positive. The rehabilitation training after block can promote their motor function recovery.

Objective To explore the application of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in children with high risk of inher-ited metabolic disease. Methods From March, 2010 to November, 2015, 119 children suspected with inherited metabolic disease were in-cluded. The urinary organic acid was detected with GC/MS, and related diseases were screened. Results Seventeen children (14.29%) were positive with inherited metabolic disease, in which 16 cases (94.12%) manifested with development retardation. 20 children (16.81%) were probable positive. Conclusion GC/MS is effective in screening children with high risk of inherited metabolic disease, which can provide ba-sis for further diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the influence of simvastatin treatment on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in monocytes of peripheral blood in patients with sepsis and severe sepsis and its significance. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. 106 patients with sepsis and 92 patients with severe sepsis admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from August 2013 to June 2015 were enrolled. These two groups of patients were randomized into conventional treatment group and simvastatin group. All patients received treatment according to the 2012 International Sepsis Treatment Guidelines, including anti-infection drugs, nutritional support, and palliative treatment, and the patients with severe sepsis were given early goal-directed therapy (EGDT). The patients in simvastatin group received simvastatin 40 mg daily orally for at least 15 days. The peripheral blood was collected and the monocytes were isolated at 1, 5, 10, 15 days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. TLR4 expression on the surface of TLR4/CD14+ double positive monocytes was determined by flow cytometry, and adverse reaction was observed during treatment. Results TLR4 expression on the surface of monocytes showed a tendency of decreasing with prolongation of simvastatin treatment in the simvastatin group in patients with sepsis (n = 59) or severe sepsis (n = 54). However, in patients with sepsis, TLR4 level was significantly decreased from 10 days in simvastatin group as compared with that of conventional therapy group (n = 47), and it was decreased up to 15 days [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI): 21 (19, 28) vs. 27 (25, 33) at 10 days, Z = 2.198, P = 0.021; 16 (15, 21) vs. 26 (23, 34) at 15 days, Z = 4.611, P = 0.002]. In patients with severe sepsis, there was no significant difference in TLR4 level at different time points between simvastatin group and conventional treatment group (n = 38) [MFI: 55 (52, 63) vs. 56 (48, 65) at 1 day, Z = 0.313, P = 0.692; 47 (42, 56) vs. 49 (41, 58) at 5 days, Z = 0.827, P = 0.533; 40 (35, 42) vs. 42 (37, 45) at 10 days, Z = 1.012, P = 0.301; 33 (30, 38) vs. 38 (35, 41) at 15 days, Z = 0.539, P = 0.571]. No adverse reaction related with simvastatin was found during treatment in patients with sepsis or severe sepsis. Conclusions Statins could significantly down-regulate the TLR4 expression on peripheral blood monocytes in septic patients, while it showed no significant influence on TLR4 expression in patients with severe sepsis. A different effect of statins on TLR4 expression and the downstream inflammation process in sepsis and severe sepsis patients might partially explain the discrepancy in previous reports about the therapeutic effect of statins therapy in sepsis and severe sepsis patients.