Point prevalence rate of complete stroke on December 31, 1986 in China was investigated using a retrospecive section study for 5 814 851 people of 29 provinces and cities (excluding Taiwan province), and 14275 stroke cases were found. Point prevalence rate was 245.49 per 100000 people with 95% CI (confidence interval) 241.57-249.61 per 100000 people. The rate standardized by the constituent ratio of population between city and rural area of China in 1986 was 247.66 per 100000 people. The rate age-standardized by the population of China in 1982 accounted for 191.92 per 100000 and the rate agestandardized by the world standard population was 259.86 per 100000 people.It has also been found that there was a tendency for the prevalence rates to increase gradually from south to north and to decrease progressively from east to west. The linear regression models have been fitted between the point prevalence rates and latitude or longitude respectively. The results were Y= 12.3819?-1107.38 (tb = 4.65 df = 5 P = 0.0056) for longitudes and Y = 12.6279?-146.6266 (tb = 11.7517 df = 4 P = 0.0003) for latitudes. There was a difference statistically among various topographic areas. The prevalence rate was much higher in urban areas than rural areas and much higher in men than in women. The prevalence rate increased with age and their relationships have been fitted well with the logistic curve.

The national examination of doctors' qualification is the examination which assesses the medical students' knowledge and skills for doctors' work. This paper introduced autorities concerned, implementing agencies, examination forms and procedures, examination contents and keypoints, pass-ing criteria and matters needing attention of national examination of doctors's qualification be tween Canada and Australia expecting to provide references for the revolution of Chinese Examination of Doctors' Qualification.

A large-scale population survey has been made to clarify the degree of harm and feature of distribution of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in China. The sample investigated was 5814851 from about a billion people in 29 provinces, municipal cities and autonomous regions except Taiwan in China. The incidence, prevalence and mortality rates have been standardized by the direct method using the world standard population. It has been found that the incidence rate of CVD in China was 109.95 per 100 000 people in 1986 and its 95%CI (confidence interval) was 107. 25 ~ 112. 65 per 100000. The age-standardized incidence rate was 115.87/100000. The point prevalence rate of CVD in China was 245.49 per 100000 people on December 31, 1986 and its 95%CI was 241.57-249.61 per 100000, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 259.86 per 100000. The mortality rate of CVD was 76.78 per 100000 in 1986 and its 95%CI 74.52~79.04 per 100000, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 80.94 per 100000. It has also been found that there was a tendency for the rates to increase gradually from south to north and to decrease progressively from east to west. The models of linear regression have been established between latitude and rates as well as between longitude and rates, respectively. The incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of CVD differ significantly in various topographic areas. They were much higher in cities than in rural areas, and much higher in men than in women. The incidence, prevalence and mortality rates increased with the age, and their relationships were fitted with logistic curve, respectively.

Objective To understand the infection status and gene types of Cryptosporidium among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Methods The fecal samples were collected from 285 HIV/AIDS cases in Nanning,Gui?lin,Qinzhou,Baise,Hechi cities of Guangxi and 150 HIV negative persons in Nanning City. The modified acid?fast staining and nested?PCR based on 18S rRNA were employed to detect the infection status of Cryptosporidium. The nested PCR products were sequenced,and the homology searches and identification for the gene types of Cryptosporidium were done by DNAStar soft?ware. Results The infection rate of Cryptosporidium in HIV/AIDS patients was 0.70%(2/285),and the rate of those with chronic diarrhea was 6.67%(2/30),the latter was significantly higher than that of the HIV negative persons(0,0/150)(P=0.002). Both the two HIV/AIDS patients infected with Cryptosporidium were from Guilin City. By molecular identification,the Cryptosporidium strains which the above 2 patients were infected with were Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium hominis respectively. Conclusions Cryptosporidium co?infection can be found in HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi. The geno?types of the infection strains include Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium hominis.

This experimental study was aimed to find the effect of different package and storage conditions on the content of effective components of A stragalus pieces. A stragalus pieces were stored under different storage conditions by using different packaging materials and packaging methods. Every three months, the contents of Calycosin-7-glu-coside and astragaloside were determined according to the 2010 version of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. With the extend-edstorage time, the contents of two effective components were significantly decreased. After six-monthstorage, the contents were not consistent with the standard of the pharmacopoeia standards. Room temperature had relatively big influence on the loss of content. The plastic and aluminum paperpackagingwere better than kraft paper packaging. The content ofastragaloside using non vacuum packaging method was relatively higher than the vacuum packaging. Contentunder the conditions of cool storehouse and nonvacuum plastic bags was higher than other packagingmethod. And the changes of both contents were relatively stable. It was concluded that the A stragaluspieces should be packed with non vacuum plastic bags, and stored in a cool and dry place.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of plasma exchange with non-bioartificial liver support system on serum manganese levels in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and its clinical significance. MethodsA total of 22 inpatients with hepatic encephalopathy who were admitted to our hospital from October 2007 to July 2011 were treated with plasma exchange, and were divided into improvement group and aggravation group based on prognosis. The serum manganese level was dynamically determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the changes in manganese levels after treatment and relief or worsening of disease were analyzed. Comparison between the two groups was made using t test. ResultsAfter treatment, the 22 patients all showed significantly reduced manganese levels (22.6±6.9 μg/L vs 36.4±10.6 μg/L, t=4.789, P=0.000). After treatment, 8 cases improved and 14 cases aggravated, and the improvement group showed a significantly lower manganese level than the aggravation group (18.9±6.3 μg/L vs 39.2±9.8 μg/L, t=4.816, P=0000). ConclusionNon-bioartificial liver support system can reduce serum manganese levels in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, and the serum manganese level may influence the disease progression.

Objective　To compare the endocytic routes of exogenous antigen between murine dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mφs). Methods　Murine bone marrow-derived DCs and peritoneal Mφs were pulsed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-5 nm colloidal gold for 10 minutes, then grouped and chased for 0-120 minutes in culture medium. Intracellular distribution of 5 nm colloidal gold was explored by means of the cellular enzymatic-chemistry of acid phosphatase and MHC Ⅱ immuno-cytochemistry under electron microscope. Results　After 10 minutes of pulse with HRP-5 nm colloidal gold and 30 minutes of chase, most HRP-5 nm gold particles internalized by DCs entered into MHC class Ⅱ compartments (MⅡCs), and a small portion entered into acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes. In contrast to DCs, most Mφs lysosomes were accessed by HRP-5 nm gold particles, and a small portion of HRP-5 nm gold particles entered into MⅡCs. After 60 minutes of chase, 5 nm gold particles could hardly be seen within Mφs, whereas most 5 nm gold particles were still retained in DCs. Conclusions　The endocytic route of exogenous antigen in DCs seems to be different from that in Mφs. Antigens taken by Mφs mainly enter into lysosomes within 30 minutes. In the case of DCs, most internalized antigens enter into MⅡCs, which may be related to their unique antigen-presenting function . In addition, Mφs seem to have more powerful capacity to scavenge exogenous antigen than DCs.

Background::Urticaria is a common skin disease characterized by episodes of wheals, and it has a negative effect on patients’ quality of life. Large-scale population-based epidemiological studies of urticaria are scarce in China. The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence, clinical forms, and risk factors of urticaria in the Chinese population.Methods::This survey was conducted in 35 cities from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China. Two to three communities in each city were selected in this investigation. Participants completed questionnaires and received dermatological examinations. We analyzed the prevalence, clinical forms, and risk factors of urticaria.Results::In total, 44,875 questionnaires were distributed and 41,041 valid questionnaires were collected (17,563 male and 23,478 female participants). The lifetime prevalence of urticaria was 7.30%, with 8.26% in female and 6.34% in male individuals ( P < 0.05). The point prevalence of urticaria was 0.75%, with 0.79% in female and 0.71% in male individuals ( P < 0.05). Concomitant angioedema was found in 6.16% of patients. Adults had a higher prevalence of urticaria than adolescents and children. Living in urban areas, exposure to pollutants, an anxious or depressed psychological status, a personal and family history of allergy, thyroid diseases, and Helicobacter pylori infection were associated with a higher prevalence of urticaria. Smoking was correlated with a reduced risk of urticaria. Conclusion::This study demonstrated that the lifetime prevalence of urticaria was 7.30% and the point prevalence was 0.75% in the Chinese population; women had a higher prevalence of urticaria than men. Various factors were correlated with urticaria.