Since the examination of doctor's qualifications came into effect, methods that are set by standard to judge whether one passes the examination or not were in dispute all the while. This article is going to introduce four kinds of methods (Angoff method、Modified Angoff method、Nedelsky method、Borderline group method) which are commonly used at home and abroad. Summarizing their advantages, disadvantages and the usage in the process of standards setting in various countries, we aim to provide reference for setting cutoff score of the examination of doctor's qualifications in China.

The national examination of doctors' qualification is the examination which assesses the medical students' knowledge and skills for doctors' work. This paper introduced autorities concerned, implementing agencies, examination forms and procedures, examination contents and keypoints, pass-ing criteria and matters needing attention of national examination of doctors's qualification be tween Canada and Australia expecting to provide references for the revolution of Chinese Examination of Doctors' Qualification.

Objective To understand the present status and explore the influencing factors of quality of life(QOL)among medical students,so as to provide a reference for the improvement of the QOL. Methods A total of 1 898 medical students sampled by stratified cluster sampling method were recruited and investigated by wHO-BREF scale. The influencing factors were assessed by t-test and one-way ANOVA. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results Scores of the physical,psychological,social relationship,environmental domain of quality of life were 64.99±13.28,61.85± 13.79,61.58±14.53,and 54.91±13.91,respectively. The results indicated grade,monthly income of family,physical training,quality of sleep and history of trauma were the influencing factors of QOL among medical students,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05). Con?clusion The score of environmental domain of QOL among medical students was the lowest. In order to improve the QOL of medical students, schools should take different measures to them according to different grades or monthly income.

To evaluate the cardiotoxicity of three novel proteasome inhibitors(NNU395, NNU458 and NNU459)in zebrafish, normal developmental zebrafish embryos at 6 hours post fertilization(hpf)were treated with different doses of NNU395 and NNU458 and NNU459 until 72 hpf, the zebrafish mortality was counted. Morphologic changes of the cardiovascular system were observed under a stereomicroscope, and the number of heart beats within 1 min was determined. The expression of cardiac development-related genes in zebrafish was detected by RT-qPCR(Quantitative Real-Time PCR). Results showed that NNU395, NNU458 and NNU459 increased the mortality of zebrafish in a concentration-dependent manner and the values of LC50(50% lethal concentration)were(179. 7±12. 2), (27. 5±1. 3)and(24. 4±2. 6)μmol/L, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of our three compounds in zebrafish are less when compared with their modified precursors. Upon administration of NNU395 at the concentrations of 120- 200 μmol/L, and NNU458 or NNU459 at the concentration of 30 μmol/L, the zebrafish showed obvious pericardial edema cardiac malformation. 120- 200 μmol/L NNU395 and 0. 1- 30 μmol/L NNU458 or 10- 30 μmol/L NNU459 significantly reduced the heart rate of zebrafish. All of three compounds at the tested concentration had no significant effects on the expression of the heart development-related genes in zebrafish. Our results suggested that low concentrations of NNU395, NNU458 and NNU459 have no obvious toxicity on cardiac development of zebrafish. While, higher concentrations of them showed cardiovascular toxicity on zebrafish.

Objective To study the effect of baseline clinical characteristics of elderly female patients on their long-term ischemic cardiovascular events.Methods Of the 614elderly patients admitted to our center from April 2008to July 2010,144elderly female patients were divided into female cardiovascular events group(n=43)and female control group(n=101),470elderly male patients were divided into male cardiovascular events group(n=127)and male control group(n= 343).Their baseline clinical characteristics were compared.The patients were followed up for 4.5-6.7(5.6±0.9)years,during which the relationship between first ever acute ischemic cardiovascular events and their clinical factors were analyzed.Results The incidence of grade 2hypertension,grade 3hypertension and hypercholesterolemia,the ratios of antiplatelet drug therapy,CCB therapy and hypoglycemic drug therapy were significantly higher while the history of smoking was significantly shorter,the incidence of chronic renal insufficiency and the ratios of statins therapy,nitrates therapy and ACEI/ARB therapy were significantly lower in female patients than in male patients.The incidence of chronic renal insufficiency was significantly higher in female cardiovascular events group than in female control group(9.3％vs 1.0％,P=0.03).The age was significantly older,the incidence of CHD,ischemic cerebral stroke,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the ratio of nitrates therapy were significantly higher in male cardiovascular events group than in male control group.Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that the endpoint events were related with CHD,grade 2hypertension,grade 3hypertension,hypercholesterolemia,chronic renal insufficiency in female patients(HR=2.56,95％CI:1.19-5.54,P=0.017;HR=3.29,95％ CI:1.14-9.52,P=0.028;HR=2.77,95％CI:1.08-7.12,P=0.034;HR=2.61,95％CI:1.27-5.36,P=0.009;HR=22.70,95％CI:5.22-98.78,P=0.000)and were related with age,CHD and ischemic cerebral stroke in male patients(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion The effect of baseline clinical characteristics of elderly patients on their long-term ischemic cardiovascular events is different in males and females.The incidence of long-term cardiovascular events is closely related with the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in elderly females.