【Objective】 To investigate the effect of peripheral blood bile acids on the cognitive function of schizophrenia patients. 【Methods】 Targeted metabolomics was adopted to analyze the total level of primary and secondary serum bile acid metabolites collected from 23 schizophrenia patients and 23 health control individuals. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was adopted to evaluate the subjects’ cognitive function in five dimensions. 【Results】 We found that the schizophrenia patients had impaired cognitive functions in multiple dimensions including speed of processing, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, and visual learning. Compared with the health control group, serum levels of cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, while serum level of glycocholic acid (GCA) was significantly higher, and the ratio of deoxycholic acid (DCA) to CA was higher (3.04 vs. 1.16). Speed of processing, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, and visual learning abilities were significantly negatively correlated with serum levels of multiple primary bile acids including taurocholic acid (TCA), GCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), after adjustments of age, sex, and body mass index. 【Conclusion】 The bile acid profile of schizophrenia patients is obvious, and the decrease in neuroprotective bile acids (namely, CA and CDCA) and the up-regulation of cytotoxic bile acid (i.e., GCA) may impair the cognitive function of schizophrenia patients.