Objective:To analyze the secular trends of height among Chinese students aged 17 in dif-ferent ethnic minorities from 1985 to 2010. Methods:A total of 18 Chinese ethnic minorities’ students, including Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang, Korean, Tibetan, Miao, Buyi, Dong, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Wa, Nakhi, Tu and Qiang as subjects were sampled from the 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health. The heights of 17 years old people by gender in various ethnic minorities were analyzed and compared. Results:From 1985 to 2010, the in-crements of adult heights increased significantly in many ethnic minorities’ boys. In 2010, the average height of boys aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 162 cm and was higher than 170 cm among boys from Hui, Mongolian and Korean groups. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 2 cm per decade in boys were Hui (2. 64 cm/decade) and Dong (2. 05 cm/decade) and the ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Korean (1. 99 cm/decade), Tibetan (1. 90 cm/decade), Hani (1. 80 cm/decade) and the other 9 minority groups. The average height of girls aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 150 cm in 2010 . The heights showed an upward trend in 15 minority groups, but with different degrees. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Hui (1. 56 cm/decade) and Korean (1. 29 cm/decade). The increments that were signifi-cant between 1985 and 2010 were Hui (3. 89 cm), Korean (3. 23 cm), Dong (2. 35cm) and the other 6 minority groups ( P<0 . 05 ) . Conclusion: Our data suggest that the increments of adult heights may reflect the secular growth change in the major minority groups during the past 25 years, but there was an obvious disequilibrium among various ethnic minorities. We should pay more attention to the minority groups with poor growth and give them more help. Meanwhile, we should also pay attention to the nega-tive effects of the secular growth trend on those minority groups with fast increasing adult height.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of age at menarche ( AAM) in Chinese ethnic minority girls aged 9 -18 years, and compare the AAM with that of Chinese Han girls from the same province or autonomous region .Methods:Probit analyses were used to calculate the AAM in various eth-nic minority groups of Chinese girls who participated in 2010 National Physical Fitness and Health Sur-veillance .The sample size of ethnic minority girls was 31 711, and the ethnic minorities were Mongolian , Hui, Tibetan, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Korean, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, Shui, Dongxiang, Naxi, Kirgiz, Tu, Qiang and Sala.The local Han girls to compare with the AAM were also surveyed in 2010 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance .Results:In the 13-year-old group, the percentage of menarche in Sala was the lowest (32.17%), while that in Korean was the highest (93.23%).At the age of 18, 99.60%ethnic minority girls appeared menstruating .The AAM of the top 3 ethnic minority groups were Korean ( 11 .79 years ) , Mongolian ( 12 .44 years ) and Zhuang (12.52 years); and the last 3 ethnic minority groups were Dongxiang (14.36 years), Sala (14.32 years) and Shui (14.02 years).The AAM in Korean was 0.93 years earlier than that of the Han girls from Jilin province;the AAM in Mongolian was 0 .14 years earlier than that of the Han girls from Neimenggu autonomous region;the AAM in Naxi and Qiang was close to that of the Han girls in the same province (region) (P>0.05);and the AAM in Hui, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, Shui, Dongxiang, Kirgiz, Tu, and Sala was later than that of the Han girls in the same province ( region) .The cluster analysis indicated that the 26 ethnic mi-nority groups could be classified as three groups: Korean were classified into the earlier age group of AAM;Dongxiang, Sala, Uighur, Yi and Shui belonged to the later age group of AAM;and the other 20 ethnic minority groups were into the middle age group of AAM .Conclusion:There was a large variation among different ethnic minority groups in China .The AAM was earlier in Korean , and Mongolian , com-pared with the local Han girls , and the AAM in other ethnic minority groups was the same or later com-pared with the local Han girls .

Objective:To analyze the prevalence of anemia and its proportions of severity,and to exa-mine the association between anemia and nutritional status among Chinese students of ethnic minorities, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of anemia.Methods:The subjects were Mongoli-an,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students aged 7,9,1 2,1 4 and 1 7 years,sampled from the 201 0 Chinese National Surveys on Students’Constitution and Health.World Health Organization (WHO)criteria for screening anemia (2001 )was used,and the proportion rates of mild,moderate and severe were ana-lyzed.The nutritional status was defined according to the growth references of body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score for 5 -1 9 years developed by the WHO.Stepwise Logistic regression was used to assess the association between anemia and nutritional status,gender,urban /rural areas,age and ethnic minori-ties.Results:The prevalences of anemia were 4.4%,26.4%,6.6% and 5.8% in Mongolian,Hui, Zhuang and Korean students,respectively,of whom,the prevalence of anemia was highest in rural girls and reached 4.8%,42.0%,9.0% and 6.7%,respectively.Most of the ethnic minorities’students belonged to mild anemia,and the prevalence of severe anemia was 1 .4%,1 2.9%,1 .6% and 1 .9% in Mongolian,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students,respectively.Stepwise Logistic regression showed that the girls,rural students,students aged 1 2 years and 1 7 years,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students were more likely to develop anemia than the boys,urban students,students aged 7 years and Mongolian students. The overweight students were less likely to develop anemia compared with the normal students and there was no significant association between anemia and thinness or obesity when the other factors were con-trolled (P >0.05).Conclusion:The epidemic of anemia was different in the different ethnic minorities and the prevalence of anemia in Hui students was of moderate public health concern according to the WHO’s criteria.We should pay more attention to the prevention and treatment of anemia for Hui and eth-nic minorities in rural areas,especially for rural girls.The nutritional status of students could not be a ba-sis or judgement for anemia as there was no significant association between anemia and nutritional status.

0.05).Conclusion pcDNA3-gB with different doses have not significant effect on the indexes of hematology,hematological biochemistry and pathology in immunized mice.It is initially proved that pcDNA3-gB is safe.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) and to examine the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors among Chinese Han students, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of reduced visual acuity.Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH).In this survey, 261 832 Han students aged 7-22 years participated.Unaided distance VA was measured using a retro-illuminated lgMAR chart with tumbling-E optotypes.Ametropia was determined by using serial bronchoscopy.Logistic regression was used to assess the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors.ArcMap 10 was used to map the regional distribution of reduced visual acuity.Results: Nationwide, the overall prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 66.6%, and was highest among the urban girls (73.5%).The prevalence of myopia was 60.8% and accounted for more than 90% among the students with reduced visual acuity.Compared with 2010 CNSSCH, the increments of reduced visual acuity were highest in the students aged 13-15 years (6.8 percentage points).The prevalence of reduced visual acuity ranged from 50.6% to 76.2% in each province (autonomous region, municipality) in 2014 CNSSCH.The top three of the prevalence of reduced visual acuity were Jiangsu (76.2%), Zhejiang (76.0%) and Shandong (75.9%), and the lowest three were Hainan (50.6%), Guizhou (53.9%) and Xinjiang (57.6%).Logistic regression showed that the girls, urban students, and students who spent ≥2 h per day in their after school homework were more likely to develop reduced visual acuity, but the students with physical activity time ≥2 h per day were less likely to develop reduced visual acuity.Conclusion: Although the situation was different in each province (autonomous region, municipality), reduced visual acuity has become a public concern affecting the health of students in China.Based on the intervention on the key populations, such as urban girls and pre adolescent students, we should also continue to strengthen the prevention and control for reduced visual acuity among all students.

Adult ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Male ; Melanoma ; diagnosis ; pathology

Objective To identify the changes of morphological development status on minority students in China from 1985 to 2005. Methods We selected a total of 15 groups of the Chinese minority students as subjects of the study, including Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang, Korean, Tibetan, Yao, Li, Qiang, Buyi, Dong, Miao, Tu, Salar, Kirgiz, with data from the Chinese national survey on students' physical fitness and health condition in 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Height, weight and waist of the subjects were calculated and analyzed. Results From 1985 to 2005, the growth and characteristics of height in the Chinese minority students had a similar increase when comparing to the Han students, but with different degrees. However the growth rate was gradually decreasing. The average heights of Kirgiz, Korean, Salar and Mongolian schoolboys aged 18 years old were 170 cm, being 170.91 cm, 170.47 cm, 170.29 cm and 170.27 cm, respectively, which were close to that of the Hart students. Some minority students had a substantial increase of body weight. However, the waist of some minority students decreased. Only a few groups of minority students had increasing waist, such as Mongolian and Korean rural boys, Mongolian, Zhuang, and Korean rural girls, with the growth being 0.101 cm, 0.095 cm, 0.126 cm, 0.163 cm and 0.107 cm, respectively. Uygur, Mongolian, Kirgiz and Korean students had the morphological development similar to Han urban students, especially Uighur boys and girls. Conclusion From 1985 to 2005, The height, weight and waist of Chinese minority students had an overall increase at different degrees. In order to improve the physical fitness of minority students, awareness on nutrition and health education of both students and parents should be strengthened. Surveillance and programs on growth, development and health status of the minority children and adolescents should also be carried out continuously.

Objective To analyze the trend of secular growth among the minority girls in China from 1985 to 2005 in order to develop national and local intervention strategies and measures to improve their physical fitness and health.Methods A total of 19 Chinese minoritt girls,including Mongolian,Hui,Zhuang,Korean,Tibetan,Miao,Buyi,Dong,Yao,Bai,Tujia,Hani,Dai,Lisu,Wa,Nakhi,Tu,Qiang and Salar were sampled from the 1985 and 2005 Chinese national surveys to study the students' physical fitness and health.Probit analyses were used to calculate age at menarche (AAM),and the heights and weights of 17-years-old girls in various minority groups.Results From 1985 to 2005,the increments of adult heights and weights increased significantly in many minority groups.The average height of girls aged 17 years old in each minority group had an increase of 150 cm in 2005.Ethnic groups with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade in girls aged 17 years old were Korean ( 1.47 cm/decade),Tujia( 1.38 crn/decade),Qiang ( 1.32 cm/decade),Bai ( 1.25 cm/decade),Hui ( 1.13 cm/decade) and Buyi ( 1.07 cm/decade).And the mionority ethnics with weight growth rates of more than 1 kg per decade in girls aged 17 years old were Mongolian ( 1.79 kg/decade),Korean ( 1.69 kg/decade),Tibetan ( 1.66 kg/decade),Nakhi ( 1.39 kg/decade),Qiang ( 1.28 kg/decade) and Hui ( 1.10 kg/decade).The overall AAM showed a downward rate in all the 19 minority groups,but with different degrees.Tujia,Yao and Nakhi showed the largest reductions,with AAMs as 2.15,1.76 and 1.38 years earlier in 2005 than in 1985,respectively.Conclusion Our data suggested that the downward secular trend in AAMs and the increments of adult heights might reflect the secular growth change in the major minority groups during the past 20 years,but there was an obvious disequilibrium of puberty development and increments of heights in adults between the minority groups.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) for pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH).MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients with PAH confirmed by right cardiac catheterization were examined by CMRI and the results were compared with that of 31 healthy control participants.The main pulmonary artery diameter( MPAD),aortic diameter( AOD),main pulnonary arterydiameter/aorticdiameter(MPAD/AOD), rightventricular end-diastolicvolume ( RVEDV ),right ventricular end-systolic volume ( RVESV),right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and right ventricular mass (RVM) were measured.The independent samples t-test was used to compare the PAH group with the control group.The Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between cardiac and arterial measurements and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP).ResultsThe MPAD,MPAD/AOD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVM in PAH group[ (3.88 ±0.57) cm,1.36 ±0.17,(161.63 ±56.37) ml,( 112.61 ±41.46) ml,(82.70 ± 20.73) g,respectively ] were increased compared with those in normal control group[ (2.74 ±0.31 ) cm,0.90 ±0.07,( 131.31 ± 15.14) ml,(61.33±9.00) ml,(44.39±5.87) g,respectively].The RVSV and RVEF in PAH group[(49.02 ±19.20) ml,( 30.76 ± 5.85 ) ％,respectively ] were decreased compared with those in normal control group [ (69.95 ± 9.63 )ml,(53.28 ± 4.14 )％,respectively ].The MPAD,MPAD/AOD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVSV,RVEF,RVM were significantly different between PAH patients and control participants(tMPA =10.82,tMPAD/AOD=14.93,tRVEDV=2.96,tRVESV=6.83,tRVSV=-5.89,tRVEF=-20.22,tRVM=10.12,respectively,P＜0.01).There were no significant correlations between MPAD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVSV and PAP (r=0.299 for MPAD,r =0.127 for RVEDV,r=0.278 for RVESV,r =-0.229 for RVSV).Moderate positive correlations were found between MPAD/AOD, RVM and PAP (r =0.702 for MPAD/AOD,r =0.683 for RVM ).A moderate negative correlation was found between RVEF and PAP (r=-0.660).Conclusion CMRI is an excellent imaging modality for the diagnosis of PAH. The MPAD/AOD,RVM,and RVEF can be used to indicate the severity of PAH.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of micafungin in the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in patients with acute leukemia.Methods A total of 133 IFI patients with acute leukemia received micafungin 150 mg once daily for 14 days.The clinical and mycological efficacies were evaluated on (7±2) days and(14±2) days of treatment.Meanwhile,the adverse events were recorded.The normally distributed data was compared using analysis of variance and nonnormal distributed data was analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test.Results Among 133 IFI patients with acute leukemia,116 finished the 14-day micafungin treatment.The total clinical efficacy was 94.8% and the total mycological efficacy was 75.0% at (14±2) days of treatment.The fungus eliminate rates were 82.9%,66.7% and 55.6% against Monilia,Aspergillus and others,respectively.The clinical and mycological efficacies of (14±2)-day treatment were both higher than those of (7±2)-day treatment(X2=6.060,34.416.both P<0.05).The clinical efficacy was not related with age,sex,IFI diagnose,types of leukemia and combinative drugs (X2=26.541,P<0.05).The incidence of drug-related adverse events of micafungin was 3%among 133 patients,which included skin rash in 3 eases, diarrhea in 1 case. Only one case was discontinued because of severe skin rash and micafungin was well tolerant in other patients. Conclusion Treatment of micafungin 150 mg daily for 14 days is effective and safe in IFI patients with acute leukemia.