Ginseng is a typical adaptogen which has resistance to various stresses. This effect is related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. As the main active ingredients, saponin has the similar structure to steroids. The regulation characteristics of ginseng saponin on the HPA axis are narrated from the aspects of total saponin and saponin monomers in this paper after the introduction of adaptation definition and HPA axis regulation mechanisms. Pharmacological effects of ginseng saponin and the regulation effect of HPA axis are summarized finally.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; secretion ; Animals ; Corticosterone ; secretion ; Ginsenosides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; drug effects ; secretion ; Panax ; chemistry ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; drug effects ; secretion

Ginseng is a typical adaptogen which has resistance to various stresses. This effect is related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. As the main active ingredients, saponin has the similar structure to steroids. The regulation characteristics of ginseng saponin on the HPA axis are narrated from the aspects of total saponin and saponin monomers in this paper after the introduction of adaptation definition and HPA axis regulation mechanisms. Pharmacological effects of ginseng saponin and the regulation effect of HPA axis are summarized finally.

?Objective:To analyze the therapeutic characteristic of mandibular prognathism by means of orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.Methods:125 patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism were treated by intraoral ramus osteotomy or mandibular body osteotomy,They also accepted different preoperative and postoperative orthodoitic treatment according to different surgery.Results: Satisfied results were obtained through combined treatment of orthognathic surgery and orthodontics.The effective rate of intraoral ramus and mandibular body osteotomy was 88.3% and 83.3% respectively .Two patints treated with mandibular body osteotomy relapsed in two years,and mandibular body osteotomy was performed again to correct the diformity.Conclusion:proper pre and postoperative orthodontic treatments are necessary in order to assure asethetics effect and ideal occlusion in new position.

Objective To explore clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative risk assessment and choice of operation scheme for knee cartilage injury.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the 69 cases of knee cartilage injury which had been confirmed by surgery between January 2013 and June 2014.They were 29 males and 40 females,aged from 15 to 76 years (average,46.9 years).All cases underwent preoperative 1.5 T MRI by a special diagnostic instrument for limbs.The injury was assessed after MRI according to the Outerbridge criteria to evaluate surgical risks and choose an appropriate operation scheme (drilling,micro-fracture or autoallergic cartilage grafting).The intraoperative observations were compared with the preoperative images.Results MRI found in the 69 patients 345 cartilage surfaces,of which 208 were abnormal.Of the abnormal ones,75 (21.7％) were grade Ⅰ which presented with intact or slightly eminent contour and dots or patches of low or high signals in the cartilage;39 (11.3％) were grade Ⅱ which presented with thinned cartilage,defects ＜ 50％ of the full thickness,or (and) indented or wavy cartilage surface,dots or patches of low or high signals in the cartilage,and dropsy signals in cavity;43 (12.5％) were grade Ⅲ which obviously thinned cartilage,defects ＞ 50％ of the full thickness,and massive dropsy signals in cavity;51 (14.8％) were grade Ⅳ which presented with full thickness defects of cartilage,subchondral bone exposure beneath the defcts,and abnormal adjacent tissues.The preoperative findings were in agreement with what were observed during surgery in terms of number and extent of cartilage injury.Conclusion Because MRI can exactly display knee cartilage injury in terms of location,degree,and size,it provides solid evidence for preoperative risk assessment and choice of operation scheme for knee cartilage injury.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of active component in Cichorii (N3) on lipid metabolism of rat with hypertriglyceridemia complicated by hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia. METHODS: Hypertriglyceridemia complicated by hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia was induced in rats by feeding a kind of feedstuff containing high fructose for 21 days. Then three different doses of N3 were administered continuously to the rats for 35 days. The effects of N3 on lipid metabolism were observed by determining the levels of serum triglyceride (TG), uric acid (UA), glucose (GLU) and free fatty acids (FFA) and the activities of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and hepatic lipase (HL) from the liver and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from the heart. RESULTS: Twenty-one days after feeding a high-fructose diet, the levels of serum UA, TG and GLU in the untreated group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group. Thirty-five days after administering N3, there was no statistical difference in serum TG and heart LPL activity between the untreated group and the normal control group, while liver FAS activity, serum FFA level and liver HL activity in the untreated group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group. Different doses of N3 treated rats all showed a decrease of TG, UA and GLU levels. N3 could decrease FAS activity and FFA level, and increase LPL and HL activities significantly. CONCLUSION: N3 in Cichorii may regulate the lipid metabolism of the rats with hypertriglyceridemia complicated by hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia by decreasing FAS activity and FFA level, and increasing LPL and HL activities.

OBJECTIVE:To study the impact of ethanol volume fraction on the extract rate of ginsenoside monomer. METH-ODS:Water and different volume fraction of ethanol solution(20%,50%,70%,95%,V/V)were used for ginseng extract. High performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS) was applied to identify compo-nents attributable of each peak. Especially 16 kinds of main saponins were analyzed. RESULTS:The volume fraction of ethanol had a significant impact on extract rate of ginsenoside. When the volume fraction of ethanol was 70%,extract rate of ginsenoside was the highest;however,the differences were mainly caused by protopanaxatriol saponins. The yield of protopanaxadiol ginsen-osides was similar in different volume fraction of ethanol solution. CONCLUSIONS:When the volume fraction of ethanol is differ-ent,result is not only different in the total saponin,but also different in the proportion of the monomers.

Objective To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumor in some parts of Hainan province and alien patients outside of Hainan province. Methods Three hundred and fifteen patients who were diagnosed by pathological confirmation were selected in Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital from Jun 2012 to June 2016, clinicopathological parameters including age, gender, tumor location, cancer cell differentiation, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), value of preoperative tumor markers, TNM stages, microsatellite state, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) staining, Ki-67 index and risk factors were collected and compared between local and alien patients. Results In contrast with patients outside of Hainan province, a significant lesser BMI [colorectal cancer: (23 ± 3) kg/m2 vs. (24 ± 4) kg/m2, t=-3.69, P< 0.05; gastric cancer: (21.50 ± 3.15) kg/m2 vs. (23.00 ± 3.61) kg/m2, t=-2.11, P=0.04] and BSA [colorectal cancer:[(1.73 ± 0.18) m2 vs. (1.82 ± 0.18) m2, t=-3.46, P<0.05;gastric cancer:(1.73 ± 0.16) m2 vs. (1.81 ± 0.18) m2, t=-2.09, P=0.04] were found in local patients. Local patients with colorectal cancer were much more younger [(57 ± 13) years old vs. (62 ± 13) years old, t=-2.30, P=0.02], with corresponding elevated positive rate of preoperative CEA (χ2=4.56, P= 0.03), T stages (χ2 = 8.31, P= 0.04) and TNM stages (χ2= 11.19, P= 0.01), however, no such difference was detected in gastric cancer patients (all P>0.05). Conclusions Patients with gastrointestinal cancer in some parts of Hainan province, in particular, colorectal cancer patients, present some exceptional clinicopathological features, which are marked by younger age at diagnosis, low level of BMI and BSA. In addition, preoperative level of CEA would be of important for these patients.

Objective To investigate the application value of 3D arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging for patients with unilateral carotid stenosis or occlusion.Methods Cervical MRA and cerebral 3D ASL were performed on 36 consecutive patients with unilateral carotid stenosis diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA).The consistency of degree of stenosis between cervical MRA and DSA was analyzed.36 patients were divided into mild,moderate and severe groups by degree of stenosis,which was based on the DSA result.Variance analysis of cerebral blood flow (CBF) unilateral and contralateral changes were performed on three different groups.Patients with severe stenosis,diagnosed by DSA,were divided into symptomatic group and asymptomatic group.Analysis was carried out on unilateral and contralateral change differences between symptomatic group and asymptomatic group.Results There was no statistical significance between MRA and DSA in the cervical artery stenosis degree (kappa＞ 0.75,P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in CBF unilateral and contralateral changes between mild group and moderate group (P＞0.01).There was statistical difference in CBF unilateral and contralateral changes between severe group and other two groups (P＜0.01).There was statistical difference in CBF unilateral and contralateral changes between symptomatic group and asymptomatic group (P＜0.01).Conclusion 3D ASL as a safe,non-invasive,repeatable method,are meaningful for cerebral hemodynamics evaluation in patients with unilateral carotid stenosis.

Objective:To investigate the influential factors correlated to bone mineral density(BMD) in the lumbar vertebra of postmenopausal females,and to find out the influence of body mass and menostasis time on BMD. Methods: BMD in the frontal and lateral lumbar vertebrae of postmenopausal females were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA).The correlations of BMD to age,body height,body mass,body mass index(BMI),menopausal age,and/or menopausal years were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS10.0. Results:The change of BMD in the frontal lumbar vertebra was positive to body mass but negatively with postmenopausal years,and that in the lateral lumbar vertebra was closely correlated to BMI. Conclusion: Bone mineral density decreases with increase of menostasis time.Females with a high body mass numerical value have higher bone mineral density.

Polyamine biosynthesis is controlled primarily by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(AdoMetDC). Antisense ODC and AdoMetDC sequences were cloned into an adenoviral vector (Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas). To evaluated the effect of recombinant adenovirus Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas which can simultaneously express both antisense ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), the human lung cancer cell line A-549, was infected with Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas as well as with control vector. Viable cell counting, determination of polyamine concentrations, cell apoptosis,and Matrigel invasion assays were performed in order to assess properties of tumor growth and invasiveness. Furthermore,Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas's anti-tumor effect was also evaluated in vivo in a nude mice xenograft model. It was demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated ODC and AdoMetDC antisense expression could inhibit tumor cell growth, lead to cell apoptosis and reduce tumor cell invasiveness. Polyamine levels were significantly decreased in Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas-treated cells compared with controls.This adenovirus also induced tumor regression in established tumors in nude mice. It was suggested that as a new anticancer reagent,the recombinant adenovirus Ad-ODC-AdoMetDCas holds promising hope for the therapy of lung cancers.