Objective To assess the outcome of internal urethrotomy for the treatment of urethral stricture. Metho ds In the past 10 years, a total of 203 patients with proved urethra l strictures were treated by optical internal urethrotomy.Follow-up studies wer e carried out for 157 patients. Results Of the 203 patie nts 194(96%) have undergone successful internal urethrotomy, 9 patients(4%) with long stricture more than 3 cm failed on repeated internal urethr otomy and required open surgery. Internal urethrotomy was carried out twice for 9 patients and thrice for 5 with successful outcome. Of the 194 patients 157 wer e followed up for 6 months to 8 years, in whom 143 have had satisfactory voiding and 14 needed intermittent dilation. Conclusions Endosc opic treatment shoud be considered as the procedure of first choice for the tr eatment of urethral strictuer, however repeated urethrotomy should be avoided.

Objective To investigate the effects of MG132 on diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats induced with streptozocin. Methods Seventy-two male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (NC, n=24), DN group (n=24) and DN treated with MG132 group (DN+MG132, n=24). At the end of 4, 8 and 12 weeks, 24 hour urinary protein excretion rate (UPER) was detected. Morphology of kidney was examined by special staining of periodic acid-schiff (PAS). Renal 26S proteasome activity was determined by quantifying the hydrolysis of S-LLVY-AMC in a fluorescence reader. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) level and renal SOD and GSH-PX activity were detected by commercial kits. Renal SOD, GSH-PX and p47phox mRNA expressions were determined by real-time fluorescence PCR. Renal p47phox protein expression wasdetermined by Western blotting. Results Compared with NC group, the DN group showed a significant increased of UPER at week 4, 8, 12 (all P<0.05), of mesangium proliferation and mesangial matrix expansion at week 12. In DN+MG132 group, UPER was significantly decreased compared with DN group at the end of 4, 8 and 12 weeks (P<0.05, respectively), and the glomeruler pathological alteration induced by diabetes was attenuated. Increased renal 26S proteasome activity in DN rats was significantly inhibited after MC132 administration (P<0.05). Moreover, renal p47phox mRNA expression in DN group was 155%, 149% and 120% more than those in NC group at 3 time points (all P<0.05), and so was the renal p47phox protein expression, 139%, 152% and 186% more (all P<0.05). Urinary MDA levels in DN group were 1.95-, 2.04-and 2.62-folds more than those in NC group (all P<0.05). In addition, compared with NC group at 3 time points, in DN group, renal SOD activity was decreased by 23.09%, 33.59% and 53.31% (all P<0.05); renal GSH-PX activity was decreased by 28.57%, 33.06% and 48.76% (all P< 0.05); renal SOD mRNA was decreased by 38.09%, 61.44% and 76.53% (all P<0.05); renal GSH-PX mRNA group was decreased by 29.16%, 37.26% and 62.40% (all P<0.05). Compared with DN group, renal p47phox mRNA and protein expression, and urinary MDA levels were significantly lower in DN+MG132 group (all P<0.05); renal SOD and GSH-PX activity as well as mRNA expression were significantly increased in DN+MG132 group (all P<0.05). Conclusions MG132 treatment can provide renoprotection for DN rats effectively maybe through enhancing renal anti-oxidative ability.

Objective To investigate the effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA)on the renal pathogenesis of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its mechanism. Methods Fifty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group(NC group,n=18),diabetic nephropathy group(DN group,n=18),diabetic nephropathy plus 4-PBA treatment group(4-PBA group,n=18).At the end of 4,8 and 12 weeks,index of kidney weight/body weight ratio(KI)were measured and calculated.Serum creatinine (Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),urinary MDA levels,urinary SOD activity,and 24 hour urinary protein excretion ram(UAER)were detected by HITACHI automatically.Morphology of kidney wag examined by special staining of periodic acid-schitt (PAS).The p47phox and nitrotyrosine (NT) expression in kidney were determined by real-time fluorescence PCR and Western blotting. Results Compared with the NC group, the DN group rats showed a significant increase of KI(P＜0.05), UAER(mg/24 h) (4.92±0.70 vs 0.26±0.07, 5.29±0.83 vs 0.28±0.08, 5.54±0.81 vs 0.29±0.04,respectively, P＜0.05]for indicated time, mesangial cells proliferation and mesangial matrix expansion at 12 week. However,4-PBA treatment could significantly inhibit the increase of KI (P＜0.05), decrease UAER (mg/24 h) (3.71±0.37, 3.47±0.36, 3.28±0.40, respectively, P＜0.05]for indicated time, and prevent the glomeruler pathological alteration induced by diabetes. Moreover, the mRNA expression of p47phox in the kidney of DN group was 154.72%, 148.60% and 91.95% more than that of NC group (all P＜0.05) for indicated time. The protein expression of p47phox was 118.00%, 140.10% and 177.82% more than that of NC group (all P＜0.05), and the protein expression of NT was 45.29%,59.13% and 89.28% more than that of NC group (all P＜0.05). In addition, urinary MDA levels in DN group were 2.05-, 2.26- and 2.43- folds of NC group, and urinary SOD activities were decreased by 64.78%, 71.29% and 79.32% of NC group. Compared with the DN group, the mRNA and protein expression of p47phox, and protein expression of NT in 4-PBA group were decreased markedly (all P＜0.05) at the end of 8 and 12 weeks. The urinary MDA level was decreased, and the urinary SOD activity was increased significantly in rats with diabetes after 4-PBA treatment for indicated time (all P＜0.05). Conclusion 4-PBA treatment can significantly inhibit the renal pathogenesis of rats with diabetes through inhibition of oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection inpatients with chronic kidney disease.METHODS The data from chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS The nosocomial infection rate of CKD patients was 14.73%,urinary tract was the most comun site,The main-pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria,and then Gram-positive bacteria and fungii.The patients with diabetic nephropathy,lupus nephritis,aging,lower glomerular filtration rate,hypoproteinemia,anemia,and long time duration were easy to get nosocomial infection.CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial infection in CKD patients is related to underlying diseases,age,kidney function,serum albumin level,hemoglobin level,duration time in the hospital.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard of Chushi pill. METHODS:Microscopic identification and TLC were adopted for the qualitative identification of Cortex moutan,C. dictamni,Angelica sinensis,Rubia cordifolia and Gardeniae fructus in Chushi pill;HPLC was performed to determine the contents of paeonol and baicalin. It was performed on column of Kro-masil 100-5 C18 with mobile phase of methanol-water-phosphoric acid(47∶53∶0.2,V/V/V)at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the detec-tion wavelength was 280 nm,the temperature was 25 ℃ and the volume was 10 μl. RESULTS:The microscopic identification showed microscopic characteristics of C. moutan and C. dictamni,and characteristics of A. sinensis,R. cordifolia and G. fructus were identified by TLC;the linear range of paeonol was 0.106 24-2.124 8 μg(r=0.999 9)and baicalin was 0.059 04-1.180 8 μg (r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were no more than 2.06%;average recoveries were respective-ly 101.56%(RSD=1.68%,n=9)and 100.16%(RSD=1.13%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,accurate and re-producible,and can be used for the quantity control of Chushi pill.

Objective To investigate the role of tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) in the regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in human glomerular mesangial cells induced by high glucose.Methods Cultured human glomerular mesangial cells were divided into normal control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose) and high glucose group (30.0 mmol/L glucose) which was cultured for 12 h to 72 h.The gene expression of TET2 in mesangial cells were inhibited by small molecule chemical called SC1,and which were divided into high glucose group (30.0 mmol/L glucose+ DMEM),DMSO group (30.0 mmol/L glucose+0.1％DMSO) and SC1 group (30.0 mmol/L glucose+3 μmol/L SC1).The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1,TET1 to 3 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting.Methylation of CpG islands in the regulation region of TGF-β1 was detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP).The activity of mesangial cell proliferation was assessed by colorimetry of thiazolyl blue (MTT).Results Compared with normal control group,the mRNA and protein expression of TET2 in mesangial cells induced by high glucose was increased significantly in a time-dependent manner (all P ＜ 0.05),but the expression of TET1 and TET3 was not affected.Meanwhile methylation rate of 4 CG sites from 24 h to 72 h were decreased in the first exon of TGF-β1 (P ＜ 0.01),but not in the promoter.Compared with high glucose group,when the expression of TET2 was inhibited by SC1,the methylation rate of TGF-β1 was recovered evidently (P ＜ 0.05),the mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA was suppressed,and the proliferation of mesangial cells was decreased (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Demethylation of the CpG island mediated by TET2 may play an important role in the expression of TGF-β1 and mesangial cell phenotype transformation induced by high glucose.

Objective To investigate the effect and significance of regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress on the expression of histone methyltransferases SET7/9 in the kidneys of db/db mice.Methods Db/db mice were randomly divided into two groups according to random number table method:diabetic nephropathy model group (DN group,n=18) and betaine treatment group (DN+B group,n =18),db/m mice were defined as normal control group (NC group,n =18).At the end of 4,8 and 12 weeks,the expression of GRP78,SET7/9,H3K4me2,and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was determined by real-time fluorescence PCR and Western blotting.24-hour urinary protein excretion rate (UPER) and urine MCP-1 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The dynamic changes of blood glucose(BG),serum creatinine (Scr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were tested by completely automatic biochemistry analyzer.The morphology of kidney was estimated by special staining of periodic acid-schiff (PAS).Results The levels of BG,BUN,UAER and MCP-1 were significantly higher in DN group than those in NC group (P ＜ 0.05),and were in time-dependent manner.Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial cells proliferation began to emerge in DN group at the end of week 4 and mesangial matrix expansion was more obvious at the end of week 12.The mRNA and protein expression of GRP78 and SET7/9 were elevated significantly in DN group as compared to NC group.The H3K4me2 protein expression level was also increased in time-dependent manner.Compared with the DN group,in DN+B group glomerular lesions attenuated and the GRP78 and SET7/9 expression levels obviously decreased (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,the levels of BG,BUN,UPER,MCP-1,H3K4me2 in DN+B group were also reduced (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Endoplasmic reticulum stress may be the upstream mechanism of mediating the expression of SET7/9 in the kidneys of DN mice.

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the function of gap junction (GJ) in HeLa cells transfected with Cx32/Cx26 plasmid. Methods Cervical cancer HeLa cells transfected with Cx32/Cx26 was given as present by professor Andrew L. Harris from New Jersey Dental Medical School, department of pharmacology and physiology. The transfected cells were selected by G-418. The effective GJ channels were identified by "Parachute Assay". The cells were randomly divided into 6 groups: Ⅰ control group (group C); Ⅱ fat emulsion group was exposed to fat emulsion 10 μg/ml (group E); Ⅲ 18-α-GA group was exposed 18-α-GA (gap junction blocker) 1.0 μg/ml (18-α-GA); Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ propofol groups were exposed to propofol 1.3, 2.2 and 3.2μg/ml respectively (group P1, P2, P3). The transfected HeLa cells were incubated at 37 ℃ for 4 h. Gap junction function was assessed using fluorescent indicators Calcine-AM which emits green fluorescence and CM-Dil which emits red fluorescence. The small molecular Calcine-AM can pass through gap junction and enters HeLa cells while the large molecular CM-Dil cannot pass through gap junction and stays in the loading cells. Fluorescent indicator transmissibility and inhibition rate were calculated. Results The fluorescent indicator transmissibility was significantly lower and inhibition rate higher in group 18-α-GA, P1, P2 and P3 than in control group. There was nosignificant difference in the fluorescent indicator transmissibility and inhibition rate between group C and E. The inhibition of GJ function by propofol was dose-dependent. Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the function of GJ in HeLa cells transfected by Cx32/Cx26 in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To study the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in phenotypic change of cultured human glomerular mesangial cells induced by high glucose.Methods Cultured human glomeruar mesangial cells were divided into three groups: control group,high glucose group and high glucose+ 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) group.Cell number of proliferation was assessed by MTT assay.Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometric analysis.Expression of α-SMA was assessed by immunohistochemistry and was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope.Involved mRNA and protein expression were measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting.Results (1)Cell number of proliferation and S transition proportion in high glucose group significantly increased than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05).High glucose could induce α-SMA expression significantly (P＜0.05).4-PBA could significantly inhibit human glomerular mesangial cells proliferation (P＜0.05),S transition arrest (P＜0.05) and expression of α-SMA (P＜0.05) induced by high glucose.(2) Compared with control group,high glucose could significantly increase the expression of glucose-regulated protein78(Grp78 ) mRNA and protein (P＜ 0.05),which could be inhibited by 4-PBA treatment (P＜0.05).(3)High glucose could induce the mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 and FN significantly,which could be inhibited by 4-PBA treatment (P＜0.05).Conclusion Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an important role in phenotypic change of cultured human glomerular mesangial cells induced by high glucose.

Objective To investigate the correlation between plasma proteasome and endothelial dysfunction in patients with uremia. Methods Forty-five uremic patients who did not receive hemodialysis were defined as A group; seventy-five uremic patients who had received hemodialysis for 6 to 12 months were divided into sufficient hemodialysis group (44 cases,B group)and insufficient hemodialysis group (31 cases,C group).The primary disease of these patients was chronic glomerulonephritis.Fifteen healthy people were defined as healthy control group (D group).The diameter of radial artery lumen (DRL),intima-media thickness (IMT),intima-media area (IMA),endothelium-dependent or independent dilation (EDD or EID) of radial artery in right forearm were detected by diasonography.The levels of 20S proteasome,tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α),C-reaction protein (CRP) and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β1) of plasma and supernatant of cultured human umbilical veins endothelium (HUVEC) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).20S proteasome activity was analyzed by special substrate.Results Compared with D group,the level and activity of 20S proteasome,as well as TNF-α,CRP and TGF-β1 in A,B and C groups were significantly increased.Compared with A group,these plasma indices levels were significantly decreased in B group but strongly increased in C group.IMT and IMA were elevated,while DRL,EDD and EID were decreased significantly in A,B and C groups when compared with D group.These parameters were worse in C group than those in A and B groups.After co-culture of HUVEC with above mentioned human uremic serum,the level and activity of 20S proteasome and TNF-α were higher in A,B,C groups than that in D group.In A and C groups,there were negative correlations of EDD with the level or activity of 20S proteasome,TNF-α,CRP and TGF-β1,and there were positive correlations of 20S proteasome level or activity with TNF-α,CRP and TGF-β1. Conclusions 20S proteasome level and activity are significantly increased in uremic patients.There is a close correlation between 20S proteasome and endothelial dysfunction of radial artery.