Effect of saikosaponins on sleep [slow wave-stage Ⅰ (Ⅰ SWS), slow wave -stage Ⅱ (Ⅱ SWS)rapid eye movement, REM] were studied in cats. Electrophysiological recording of EOG,EEG, EMG and PGO were monitored by polygraph for six consecutive hours. Preparation of saikosaponins was injected intraperitoneally. Results showed that saikosaponins could prolong total sleeping time, Ⅱ SWS and REM time. The effect of saikosaponins is better than "zhushaanshen pill" by gastric gavage.

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that trigger the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of interleukin-1β ( IL-1β) , which are critical for inflammation and control of pathogen infection. Inflammasomes are involved in and regulate diversified diseases due to its capability to sense multiple danger signals. In this review, we present the activation and regulation mechanisms for different inflammasomes and discuss how genetic mutations in inflammasome-related genes or abnormal activity of in-flammasomes lead to diseases. Insights into the role of inflammasome in various human diseases will provide sound theoretical basis and effective treatment strategy for these disease.

Unregistered drug use,also called off-label drug use,has become a universal phenomenon in clinical practice worldwide.At present,there is still no definite laws and regulations in the field of off-label medication in China.The article gives an overview about the current criterion for prescription in China,the definition of off-label use,analysis of this situation and causes,how to regulate this practice to protect the patient's rights and safety,and also doctor's rights of prescription.

Objective To review the relationship between the expression levels of bcl-2,bax and bad gene and other biological factors of breast cancer in the growth and development of breast cancer.Methods Related literatures were summarized and reviewed.Results The expression level change of antiapoptosis gene bcl-2 was still under research and the expression levels of apoptosis gene bax and bad were down-regulated progressively in the evolution from benign breast tissue to breast cancer tissue.The expression level of bcl-2 had positive correlation with some positive factors in breast cancer such as estrogen receptor(ER) and progesterone receptor(PR),while it had negative correlation with some negative factors such as p53,EGFR,c-erbB-2 and lymph node metastasis.The levels of ER,PR and the expression level of p53 of breast cancer had no relationship with the expression level of bax.Up to now there was no report about the relationship between the expression level of bad and other biological factors of breast cancer.Conclusion The role of altered expression level of bcl-2,in the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer is still controversial,and the relationship between the expression of bad and the prognosis of breast cancer is still unknown,but expression level of bax is correlated positively with the prognosis of breast cancer.Research on these genes can provide us some new index to evaluate the prognosis of breast cancer and new ideas on treatment of breast cancer including gene therapy.

Using Campylobacter ieiuni, strain of CJ-S131 to infect KM mice. Three months after infection, we examined the function of T and B cells in infected mice. We found that(l) there were higher, level antibodies against ds-DNA, ss-DNA.(2) ConAinduced suppressor cell activity was decreased and the ratio of Th/Ts was increased (3) The formation of PFC and lymphocyte transformation induced by LPS.PHA and ConA were increased. (4) The DTH reaction also was increased. The results mentioned above indicated that chronic infection of CJ-S131 would induce autoimmunity in KM mice.The ineffitiency of Ts cell function could be related to the hyperactivity of Th and B cells.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing and eliciting responses to invading pathogens. The activation of TLRs must be stringently controlled in order to avoid exaggerated expression of signaling components as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines that can devastate the host,resulting in chronic inflammatory diseases,autoimmune disorders and aid in the pathogenesis of TLR-associated diseases. Therefore,it is essential that negative regulators act at multiple levels within TLR signaling cascades in order to synchronize the activation and negative regulation of signal transduction to limit potentially harmful immunological consequences. A summary of the various mechanisms employed by negative regulators of TLRs signaling to ensure the appropriate modulation of both immune and inflammatory responses was provided.

Objective: To evaluate 2D CDUS ultrasound in estimating lesions of carotid and femoral arteries in diabetes mellitus. Methods: Forty patients were divided into 3 groups by age. We detected their carotid and femoral arteries using two dimensional and PW Doppler ultrasonography. The lesions degree were assessed according to U B 6 classification. Results: Higher incidence and more serious degree of arteries lesions occurred in diabetes mellitus than those in control group ( P 40 years old than in group ≤40 years old in diabetes mellitus ( P

Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Neoadjuvant Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a most common neurodegenerative disease. The mechanisms underlying AD, especially late-onset AD, remain elusive. In the past few years, results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and systems approaches indicated that innate immune responses mediated by microglia played critical roles in AD. Functional analysis on animal models also showed that immune receptors or proteins expressed in microglia mediated Abeta-induced inflammation, or Abeta phagocytosis by microglia. Microglia plays double sword roles in AD. More work is warranted to elucidate the exact roles of microglia in AD, which will facilitate our better understanding of the mechanisms underlying AD.
Alzheimer Disease ; pathology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Inflammation ; pathology ; Microglia ; physiology ; Phagocytosis ; Receptors, Immunologic ; physiology