Objective To observe the anti-inflammation effects of Chanqin granules on airway neurogenic inflammation induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5)and mediated by nerve growth factor (NGF)and to explore the therapeutic mechanism. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups,namely saline control group, PM2.5 exposure group, anti-NGF group, Chanqin granules group and Huifeining group (Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride,Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Solution),8 rats in each group. PM2.5 exposure rat model was established by intratracheal drop infusion of PM2.5 suspension. The rats in PM2.5 exposure group were given gastric gavage of normal saline after PM2.5 exposure , and the anti-NGF group was given gastric gavage of saline after PM2.5 exposure and intraperitoneal injection of anti-NGF agent. Chanqin granules group was given gastric gavage of Chanqin granules (9.36 g·kg-1·d-1)after PM2.5 exposure,Huifeining group was given gastric gavage of Huifeining (8 mL·kg-1·d-1)after PM2.5 exposure,and saline control group was given gastric gavage of normal saline after intratracheal drop infusion of normal saline , the treatment covering 2 weeks. After medication,the contents of substance P (SP),calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP), neurokinin A(NKA), neurokinin B(NKB), and nerve growth factor(NGF) in rat serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the expression levels of SP and NGF in lung tissue and dorsal root ganglia were measured by immunohistochemistry , and the protein and mRNA expression levels of NGF in lung tissue and dorsal root ganglia were determined by Western blotting method and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR),respectively. Results Compared with the saline control group, the levels of SP, NKA, NKB, NGF and CGRP in rat serum, immunohistochemical mean optical density of NGF in lung tissue and SP and NGF in dorsal root ganglia, the protein and mRNA expression levels of NGF in lung tissue and the protein expression level of NGF in dorsal root ganglia of PM2.5 exposure group were all increased(P < 0.05). Compared with PM2.5 exposure group,the above indexes in anti-NGF group, Chanqin granules group, and Huifeining group were decreased (P < 0.05), and there being no differences between the 3 groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Chanqin granules have certain effects on relieving the neurogenic inflammation in rat airway induced by PM2.5 through inhibiting the expression of NGF.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Yixin Ningshen Tablet (YXNS) on comorbidity of myocardial infarction (MI) and depression in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 7 rats in each group according to their weights, including control, model, fluoxetine (FLXT, 10 mg/kg), low-dose YXNS (LYXNS, 100 mg/kg), and high-dose YXNS (HYXNS, 300 mg/kg) groups. All rats were pretreated with corresponding drugs for 12 weeks. The rat model of MI and depression was constructed by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery and chronic mild stress stimulation. The echocardiography, sucrose preference test, open field test, and forced swim test were performed. Myocardial infarction (MI) area and myocardial apoptosis was also detected. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT), and norepinephrine (NE) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The proteins of adenosine 5'-monophosphate -activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) in heart were detected by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), and kynureninase (KYNU) in hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Compared with the model group, the cardiac function of rats treated with YXNS improved significantly (P<0.01). Meanwhile, YXNS effectively reduced MI size and cardiomyocytes apoptosis of rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05), promoted AMPK phosphorylation, and increased PGC-1α protein expression (P<0.01 or P<0.05). HYXNS significantly increased locomotor activity of rats, decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and increased the serum levels of 5-HT, NE, ACTH, and CORT (all P<0.05). Moreover, HYXNS decreased the mRNA expressions of IDO1, KMO and KYNU (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS YXNS can relieve MI by enhancing myocardial energy metabolism. Meanwhile, YXNS can alleviate depression by resisting inflammation and increasing availability of monoamine neurotransmitters. It may be used as a potential drug to treat comorbidity of MI and depression.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Animals ; Comorbidity ; Depression/drug therapy* ; Energy Metabolism ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Myocardial Infarction/pathology* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin/metabolism* ; Tablets ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism*

Objective: To understand the current situation regarding pediatric off-label use of drugs recommendations in Chinese clinical practice guidelines and to make recommendations for standardized reporting format regarding off-label use of drugs for children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by systematically searching the databases for Chinese guideline consensus articles published in journals between 2018 and 2020 and extracting recommendations regarding off-label use of drugs from those articles. The essential characteristics of the included guidelines, the ranking of off-label drug types, the order of drug information, the type of off-label drug use, and the percentage of citation studies on which the recommendations were based were analyzed. Results: Among 108 studies that included Chinese off-label guidelines and consensus, 364 recommendations on pediatric off-label use of drugs were included. The Chinese Medical Association published the most, 48 out of the 108 studies (44.4%), and of those 14 studies (13.0%) were on infectious and parasitic diseases. Of the 364 recommendations on off-label use of drugs, the most commonly addressed drugs were 16 recommendations (4.4%) for cyclosporine A, 11 recommendations (3.0%) for methotrexate , and 11 recommendations (3.0%) for fentanyl. The most commonly addressed drug categories were as follows: 68 recommendations (18.6%) were immune system drugs, 66 recommendations (18.1%) were anti-infectives, and 56 recommendations (15.4%) were oncology drugs. The most commonly addressed drug information accounts were as follows: 364 recommendations (100.0%) were indications, 204 recommendations (56.0%) were dosages, and 198 recommendations (54.4%) were the route of administration. Based on the instructions approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration, the main forms of the off-label drug were as follows: 175 recommendations (48.1%) were unapproved indications, 127 recommendations (34.9%) were unapproved populations, and 72 recommendations (19.8%) were unapproved ages. Only 129 recommendations (35.4%) were cited, mainly including clinical guidelines (48 studies, 23.4%), reviews (22 studies, 10.7%), and pediatric randomized controlled trials (22 studies, 10.7%). Conclusions: Off-label use of drugs is commonly recommended in pediatric guidelines and consensus documents written by Chinese authors. However, the reporting of the recommendations varies widely, and the quality of the supporting evidence is poor.
Child ; China ; Consensus ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Off-Label Use ; Pharmaceutical Preparations