The importance of pre-microbiological analysis has been widely recognized.With the standardization and automation of the clinical microbiological test, convenient, fast and high-performance sample collection and transport systems are important for the validity of clinical microbiology testing.The aim of this article is to make an introduction of the progress of clinical microbiological species collection and transport systems.More attentions should be paid to the pre-analysis to improve the quality of clinical microbiology testing.

Integron was a novel bacterial resistance gene horizontal transmission element.In recent years, many researchers made a lot of research on the resistance mechanism of pathogen.In this paper, the detection and the novel discovery of the integron gene cassette were summarized , including Enterobacteria, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria , on the basis of the multidrug resistance mechanism mediated by integron.The prospect the research was descixbed and more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of multidrug resistant bacteria.

BACKGROUND:It is wel known that long-term aerobic exercise aleviates renal dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of long-term aerobic exercise on endogenous formation of hydrogensulfide in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
METHODS:Rat models of long-term aerobic exercise were established and randomly assigned to four groups: Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat static group, WKY rat exercise group, spontaneously hypertensive rat static group and spontaneously hypertensive rat exercise group. Moderate-intensity exercise on treadmil was given for 12 weeks. At 24 hours after model establishment, weight was weighted. Blood pressure was detected in the caudal artery. Blood and urine were colected for measuring biochemical indicators related to kidney functions. The degree of glomerular sclerosis was observed. Hydrogen sulfide production activity was detected in the kidney. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of hydrogen sulfide production-related enzymes. Simultaneously, oxidative stress of the kidney was observed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Long-term aerobic exercise obviously reduced body mass, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, increased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, decreased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, urinary albumin levels, significantly reduced glomerular sclerosis score, increased hydrogen sulfide content in plasma and the rate of hydrogen sulfide formation in renal tissue, up-regulated cystathionine γ-lyase expression, obviously diminished malondialdehyde content in serum and kidney, and remarkably increasedthereduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione ratio in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (2) Results indicated that long-term aerobic exercise could increase the generation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in kidney, lessen oxidative stress in the kidney, and amelioraterenal dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

AIM To explore the antioxidation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)ligand on rat models of Parkinson disease. METHODS The rat models of Parkinson disease were established by employing 6 hydroxydopamine to lesion unilateral substantia nigral. The serum total antioxidative capability (T AOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition competence and content of glotathione (GSH) were measured with chemical colorimetry. RESULTS Compared with control group, serum T AOC and GSH and ROS inhibition competence increased in all treatment groups, mGluRs antagonist (SIB 1893) group, mGluRs agonists (APDC ) group, mGluRs agonists ( L SOP) group and L DOPA group. The effect of APDC was most prominent. CONCLUSION mGluRs antagonist and mGluRs agonists may exert a partial antioxidation effect on unilateral substantia nigral 6 hydroxydopamine lesioned rat and may be beneficial to the body for alleviating the oxdative stress.

Cancer of digestive system is one of the most common worldwidely cancers and seriously threats to human health. However its etiology and pathogenesis are still not clear. Toll-like receptor (TLR), a newly discovered transmembrane receptor, plays an important role in innate immunity. Recent researches suggested that TLRs had extensive relationship with inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. A large number of researches indicated that TLRs not only participated in the occurrence, development and immune escape of cancer, but also acted in immunotherapy in digestive system. Further investigation of TLRs may re-veal the effects of TLRs in the development of malignant tumors of digestive system, moreover may find new therputic target for the treatment of cancers. We reviewed the relationship between TLRs and cancers of di-gestive system.

Objective To investigate the applied value of adipose-derived stromal cells(ADSCs) transfected glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)by lentivirus in cerebral transplantation.Methods Primarily isolated and cultured, the rat ADSCs were transfected GDNF by high-titer lentivirus. Then, configuration of cells and expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were observed. By stereotaxic frame, transfected ADSCs were intrastriatally transplanted.1month and 2month after transplantation, survival and migration of marked cells were detected. GDNF expression, verified by Western blot, was compared with control group.Results ADSCs, transfected by lentivirus, can differentiate into neuron-like cells and express NSE in cytolymph. 1 month after transplantation, the majority of cells survived in transplanting area. 2 month later, part of transplanted cells still survived and migrated far from the transplanting area. In addition, the level of GDNF protein in the brain tissue was significantly higher compared with control group (all P

OBJECTIVETo discuss the application and clinical effect of damage control concept in the treatment of severe limbs fractures combining with multiple trauma.

METHODSFrom July 2009 to July 2012, 30 patients with severe limbs fractures combining with multiple trauma were treated with the damage control concept, included 20 males and 10 females with an average age of (34.03 ± 12.81) years old ranging from 20 to 60 years old; the ISS averaged (35.00 ± 12.81) points (ranged from 26 to 54 points). And the control group also contained 30 patients with severe limbs fractures combining with multiple trauma treated by the traditional operation from June 2006 to June 2009, there were 23 males and 7 females with an average age of (34.23 ± 11.04) years old ranging from 18 to 65 years old. The ISS averaged (35.56 ± 11.04) points (ranged from 26 to 51 points). The age, gender, ISS, Gustilo classification, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion,postoperative complications and mortality rate were observed and compared.

RESULTSIn the damage control concept group,there were 28 cases surviving and 2 cases (6.7%) death; 6 cases of postoperative complication included 2 cases of adult respiratory distress syndrome, 1 case of multiple organ failure, 1 case of disseminated intravascular coagulation and 2 cases of wound infection. In the control group, there were 22 cases surviving and 8 cases death(26.7%); 13 cases of postoperative complication included 4 cases of adult respiratory distress syndrome,2 cases of multiple organ failure, 2 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation and 3 cases of wound infection. There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in age, gender, ISS, Gustilo classfication and complication (P > 0.05), however there were statistically significant differences in mortality rate, operation time, blodd loss, blodd transfusion between two groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDamage control concept is used to treat severe limbs fractures combining with multiple trauma which has the rapid and effective therapy, can improve survival rate and reduce complication.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Embolism, Fat ; prevention & control ; Extremities ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Trauma ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control

Objective To investigate the association of uncoupling protein 2 ( UCP-2 ) gene promoter -866G＞A polymorphism and ischemic stroke in diabetic patients.Methods A total of 844 type 2 diabetic patients including 404 cases with ischemic stroke and 440 cases without ischemic stroke were selected for the 4 year prospective study,Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood samples of subjects,UCP-2 gene promoter -866G ＞ A polymorphism was detected by TaqMan MGB probe method,and then the genotype and allele gene frequencies were compared.Results The risk of ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetic female patients with AA+GA genotypes of UCP-2 was higher than that with GG genotype (P＜0.05),but there was no difference among male patients with three genotypes.Conclusions UCP-2 gene promoter -866G ＞ A polymorphism increases the risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese diabetic women.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined hepatectomy and splenectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma complicated with hepatic cirrhosis and hypersplenism.Methods Medline (1966-August 2009), Embase (1974-August 2009), Cochrane Library, CBMdisc (1978-August 2009), and Wanfang Database were searched without language limitation. All relevant studies were screened and the data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and the methodological qualities of the included studies were evaluated by the Minors scale. The data were analyzed with the RevMan5 software. Results Five non-randomized comparative studies (NRCs) involving 476 patients (232 in HS group, 244 in control group) were enrolled into the analysis. There was no significant difference in the operative mortalities (OR=0. 57, 95%CI 0. 12-2. 66, P=0. 47) and postoperative morbidities (OR= 0. 93, 95 % CI 0.59- 1.46, P = 0.75) between the two groups. Compared with hepatectomy only, CD4+ T cell (WMD=7.90, 95%CI 7.01-8.79, P＜0.01), CD4+ T cell/CD8+ T cell ratio (WMD=0. 75, 95%CI 0. 70-0.80, P＜0.01), white blood cell count (WMD=5.47, 95%CI 5.13-5.82, P＜0.01) and platelet count (WMD=174.89, 95%CI 116.61-233.18,P＜0.01) were significantly higher, but CD8+ T cell (WMD = - 7.66, 95%CI - 8. 53～ - 6. 79,P＜0. 01) was lower compared with combined hepatectomy and splenectomy. There was no significant difference in the 5-year survival rates (OR= 1.37, 95%CI 0.86-2.18, P=0. 18). Conclusion Combined hepatectomy and splenectomy did not increase the operative mortalities and postoperative morbidities in hepatocellular carcinoma complicated with hepatic cirrhosis and hypersplenism. The white blood cell and platelet counts markedly increased after surgery. There was no evidence to show any improvement in the 5-year survival.

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of major pathogens for urinary tract infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.Methods Strains from midstream urine culture of patients with urinary tract infections were collected during January 1 and December 31,2011.All strains were identified by API system,and disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity test.Results Totally 1129 strains were isolated,in which 667 (59.1％ ) were Gram-negative strains,266 (23.5％) were Gram-positive strains,and 196 (17.4) were Candida.Among Gram-negative strains,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were highly sensitive to carbapenem antibiotics; while Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highly resistant to most antibiotics including cephalosporins and penicillinase inhibitor,and the resistance rates were over 50％.Among Gram-positive strains,the major strains Enterococcus avium and Enterococcusfaecalis were completely sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin,and highly sensitive to linezolid (resistance rate below 10％ ).Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were highly resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole (with the resistance rates of 47.2％ - 60.0％ ), but were completely sensitive to amphotericin and nystatin.Conclusion Gram-negative strains account for most urinary tract infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University with high drug resistance rates.