Diagnostic Imaging Pediatric bone and joint system was a sub-branch of professional courses.The content was more difficult and learners were not relaxed to master the knowledge alone.It was easy,across time and space,resource sharing and interactive to operate on blackboard teaching platform.We can better accomplish teaching and learning task with pediatric bone and joint diagnostic imaging online course constructed by blackboard platform.

Objective:To investigate the level of radiation doses to adults caused by CT examination in Huai′an, and explore the local CT diagnostic reference levels (DRLs).Methods:Totally 45 CT scaners were selected to investigate the information on hospitals, equipment, scanning parameters, and radiation doses. Empirical formula were used to estimate the effective dose to adults. Nonparametric rank sum tests were used to analyze differences in radiation dose level between CT service age and hospital grade.Results:A total of 3 483 patients were collected, including 890 for head examinations, 890 for chest, 846 for abdomen, and 857 for lumbar spine. The 75% percentile values of CTDI vol to adult patients from CT scanning for head, chest, abdomen, lumbar spine examinations were 63.0, 12.4, 20.0 and 24.0 mGy, respectively. The 75% percentile values of DLP were 858.6, 416.0, 620.7 and 559.2 mGy·cm, respectively. The 75% percentile values of DLP for males was higher than those for females. There were significant statistical differences in radiation doses dependent on equipment service (head: U =10 326.00, P<0.05; chest: U=36 094.50, P<0.05; abdomen: U= 7 859.00, P<0.05; lumbar spine: U=42 408.00, P<0.05), and hospital grade (head: H=14.280, P<0.05; chest: H=17.85, P<0.05; abdomen: H=97.18, P<0.05; lumbar spine: H=138.94, P<0.05). Conclusions:The CT radiation dose levels in Huai′an city is basically consistent with standard-reommended values, which is in line with the current status of CT equipment dose levels in the country. It is necessary to strengthen the quality control and maintenance of CT equipment.

Objective:To estimate the frequencies of medical X-ray diagnositic examinations and analyze their distribution in Huai′an City.Methods:Stratified random sampling was used to select 2 tertiary hospitals including 1 general hospital and 1 MCH hospital, 4 secondary hospitals, 20 primary and unclassified hospitals to investigate medical X-ray examination frequencies in the 26 hospitals in 2017.Results:The average number of X-ray diagnostic equipment were 13.5 pieces in tertiary hospitals, 7.3 in second-level hospitals and 1.6 in primary and ungraded hospitals. The fraction of imported equipment accounted for 85.2%, 69.0% and 9.4%, respectively. The higher the hospital level, the greater the proportion of equipment with five years of service history. The number of examinations in 2017 in the 26 hospitals were X-ray photography 350 221, fluoroscopy 71 597, CT 327 404, dental 23 820 and breast 12 849, respectively. The number of examinations per 1 000 population were estimated to be 444.22 by conventional X-ray and 236.40 by CT.Conclusions:The frequency of conventional X-ray examinations in the city is slightly lower than the average level in Jiangsu province in 2016 and the CT examination frequency is roughly same as in Jiangsu province.

Objective:To investigate the current status of the radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy resources and medical exposure frequencies in Huai′an City.Methods:According to the monitoring data in the " Radiological Health Information Management Platform of Jiangsu Province" in 2020, a descriptive analysis was conducted on the personnel, equipment, and exposure frequencies in the institutes engaged in radiation-based diagnosis and treatment in Huai′an.Results:A total of 181 hospitals were investigated in 2020, including 7 tertiary hospitals(3.9%), 24 secondary hospitals(13.3%), 126 primary hospitals(69.6%), and 24 ungraded hospitals(13.3%). There were 1 397 radiation workers, including 948 males and 449 females, and 459 pieces of radiation equipment, including 420 for radio diagnosis, 13 for radiotherapy, 4 for nuclear medicine, and 22 for interventional radiology. The hospitals of different grades greatly differed in the number of radiation workers and equipment. There were 80.1, 20.9, 2.2, and 2.0 radiation workers and 15.7, 5.5, 1.4, and 1.6 pieces of radiation equipment in the tertiary hospitals, secondary hospitals, primary hospitals, and ungraded hospitals, respectively on average. There were 2 903 246, 27 648, 8 087, and 17 874 receiving radiodiagnosis, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine, and interventional radiology, respectively in 2020. The medical exposure frequencies in the whole city were calculated to be 599.50 per 1 000 population, including 334.59 treated with conventional X-rays, 239.82 receiving CT scan, 14.18 for breast and dentistry, 3.62 receiving interventional radiology, 5.61 treated with radiotherapy, and 1.69 receiving nuclear medicine.Conclusions:The radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy resources are unbalanced in the hospitals of different grades in Huai′an City. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the reasonable allocation of medical resources. Meanwhile, radiation workers in secondary hospitals may be more prone to job burnout. Facing the normalization of the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic, the supervision and management of radiological health should be strengthened to ensure the legitimacy of radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy and theoptimization of protection. The frequencies of medical exposure are consistent with the local economic level. To analyze the differences in medical exposure frequencies and predict the developmental trends in different regions, it is necessary to establish a more accurate prediction model.

Objective To investigate and analyze the current situation of nuclear technology utilization and radiation workers' occupational health management in non-medical institutions in Huai'an City, and to strengthen the prevention and control of occupational radiation diseases. Methods 37 non-medical institutions of nuclear technology utilization in Huai'an City were surveyed by questionnaire, including radioisotope and radiation apparatus, personal dose monitoring of radiation workers, implementation of occupational health examination, protective equipment, etc. Results The industry covers manufacturing industry, transportation, warehousing and postal industry, scientific research and technical service industry, residential service, repair and other service industries, 0 class I radiation device, 15 class II radiation devices, 67 class III radiation devices; 0 class I and II radiation sources, 1 class III radiation device, 16 class IV radiation sources, 51 class V radiation sources, 1 unsealed radioactive material Class B workplace; 493 radiation workers, 90.5% with certificates, 85.4% with personal dose monitoring rate, rate of 37.8% with radiation protection monitoring equipment, and 68.0% with occupational health examination rate. It has 13 institutions equipped with personal protective equipment, 23 with dose alarming devices and 14 with radiation protection monitors. 30 radiation workplace tests have been carried out in the past two years. Conclusion The occupational health management of radiation workers in non-medical institutions is weak. At present, the responsibility of occupational health supervision has been assigned to the health department. Therefore, the health administrative department should strengthen the supervision of non-medical nuclear technology utilization institutions and improve the emergency mechanism of radiation emergencies in Huai'an city.