With the development of management in NICU,nosocomial infection increases gradually.Nosocomial infection monitoring is very important for improving the survival rate of the newborn and crutial for updating the management of NICU.This article discussed the risk factors and prevention strategies of nosocomial infection in NICU.

This article summarizes the high risk factors and the progress of prevention in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.It is beneficial for early intervention and reducing the morbidity and mortality of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Humanities education in military medical university must have military feature in mind.According to special military demand, this education should combine teaching with military historical tradition, historical task, construction of curricula set-up system, and the reality of military campus culture construction to make this education have pertinence.

Objective To evaluate the value on screening of diabetic retinopathy with digital fundus photography.Design Prospective observational case series.Participant Consecutive 108 patients with typeⅠand typeⅡdiabetes mellitus,without proliferat- ed diabetic retinopathy determined by dilated ophthalmoscopy in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Methods All the patients received six-fields color fundus mydriatic photography after mydriasis and fundus fluorescein angiography.Diagnosis and grading were made based on fun- dus photography of one-field,two-fields,and six-fields.Fundus fluorescein angiography served as the reference standard.Main Out- come Measures Sensitivity,specificity and kappa value of kappa analyses.Results In comparison with fundus fluorescein angiography, if taking mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy as referable diabetic retinopathy,one-field fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 73.21%,a specificity of 88.64%,and a kappa statistic of 0.46,while two-fields fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 75.00%,speci- ficity of 86.36%,and a kappa statistic of 0.47,and the six-fields fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 76.05%,specificity of 87.80% and a kappa statistic of 0.48.If taking moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy as referable diabetic retinopathy,one-field fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 72.46%,a specificity of 93.01%,and a kappa statistic of 0.68,while two-fields fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 73.91%,specificity of 93.01%,and a kappa statistic of 0.69,and the six-fields mydriatic digital photography gave a sensitivity of 75.36%,specificity of 92.81% and a kappa statistic of 0.70.In comparison with six-fields fundus photography,one-field fundus photography gave a kappa statistic of 0.97.Conclusion One-field mydriatic digital fundus photography centered at fovea for screening of early diabetic retinopathy especially stage DR2 or more severe is feasible

Objective To investigate the effects of inhalation of different concentrations of isoflurane on the expression of cytochrome c ( Cyt c) in hippocampus in aged rats.Methods Sixty-three aged male SD rats (20 months) weighing 500-600 g were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=21each):control group inhaling 30%O2 for 2h (group C) and 2 isoflurane groups anesthetized with 0.75 % and 1.5 % isoflurane in 30 % O2 for 2 h respectively (group Ⅰ1 and Ⅰ2 ).Arterial blood samples were obtained from 5 rats at 30 min, 1 and 2 h of anesthesia for blood gas analysis. Eight animals were killed at 24 h after anesthesia in each group.Their hippocampi were immediately removed for determination of Gyt c expression by immuno-histochemistry and Western blot analysis.Cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze test the day before experiment and once a day for 6 consecutive days starting from the 1st postoperative day.Results The Cyt c expression in hippocampus was significantly increased in Ⅰ1 and Ⅰ2 groups in a concentration-dependent manner as compared with group C.The escape latency was significantly prolonged and the frequency of crossing the original platform and the duration of staying at the original platform quadrant were decreased in group Ⅰ1 and Ⅰ2 compared with group C.Conclusion Inhalation of isoflurane anesthesia can decrease cognitive function through up-regulating the Gyt c expression in hippocampus in aged rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of isoflurane on receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (R(A)GE) expression in the hippocampus in rats. Methods Forty-five male 4-month-old and 45 male 24-month-old rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into 2 age groups ( n = 45 each): the aged group (group O) and the adult group (group A). Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups ( n = 15 each):Ⅰ control subgroup (group OC,AC) inhaled 30% O2 in air; 1 single isoflurane inhalation subgroup (group OS,AS) inhaled 1.5 % isoflurane for 2 h and Ⅲ repeated isoflurane inhalation subgroup (group OR, AR) inhaled 1.5 % isoflurane 2 h per day for 3 days. One day after isoflurane inhalation, learning and memory function was assessed using Morris water maze test in 8 animals in each subgroup. The rest of each subgroup were killed and their hippocampi were immediately isolataed for detection of RAGE mRNA and protein expression by RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry. Results The cognitive function was impaired after signle or repeataed isoflurane anesthesia as compared with control animals in both aged and adult groups. The expression of RACE mRNA and protein in hippocampus was significantly increased after either single or repeated isoflurane anesthesia in aged group but only after repeated isoflurane anesthesia in adult gpoup. There was no significant difference in RAGE mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus between control and single isoflurane inhalation animals in adult group. Conclusion Isoflurane can reduce learning and memory function in both aged and adult rats by increasing RAGE expression in hippocampus especially in aged rats.

Objective To explore the effect of isofluranee on receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression of hippocampus and learning and memory function in rats. Methods 24-month Sprague-Dawley male rats (n=45) and 4-month Sprague-Dawley male rats (n=45) were randomly divided into six groups with 15 rats each group. Group C1 (aged control group),group C2(adult control group) breath 30% oxygen and air mixed gas; Group S1(single inhalation of isoflurane aged group),Group S2(single inhalation of isoflurane adult group)were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane,breath 30% oxygen and air mixed gas for 2h;Group R1(Repeated inhalation of isoflurane aged group), group R2(Repeated inhalation of isoflurane adult group) were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane,breath 30% oxygen and air mixed gas 2h a day for three days. Eight rats randomly selected from each group were killed and their hippocampus were immediately isolated for detection of RAGE expression by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR after accomplished treatment 24h. The remained rats' learning and memory function were assessed using Morris water-maze test. Results The results of Morris water-maze test showed that the times of acerossing the original platform and the time consumption of staying the original platform quadrant was shorter in group S1 and group R1,but the escape latency was longer than group C1(escape latency C1 (9.42± 2.63)s,S1(13.20±3.85)s,R1(17.20±3.44)s, F=12.773, P<0.05). In the group R2,the escape latency was longer but the times of accrossing the original platform and the time consumption of staying the original plat-form quadrant was shorter than group C2 (times of accrossing the original platform C1(7.30±2.40), S1(3.90± 2.42),R1(3.44±2.40), F=7.448, P<0.01).To contrast with the group C2,there were no significant differ-enees in spatial probe test in the group S2(P>0.05). The levels of mRNA and protein of RAGE in hippocampus was significantly higher in group S1 and group R1 than group C1(RAGE mRNA expression C1(0.11±0.02),S1 (0.56±0.09), R1(0.73±0.14), F=179.447, P<0.01). To contrast with the group C2, there were no differ-ences found in the levels of mRNA and protein of RAGE in group S1(P>0.05), but it was higher in the group R2 (RAGE mRNA express C2(0.22±0.04), R2 (0.41±0.08), F=40. 209, P < 0. 01). Conclusion Isoflurane can reduce learning and memory function in both aged and adult rats, but aged rats are particularly significant im-pacted. This effect may be induced by the increase of RAGE expression in hippocampas.

Objective To observe the expressions ofα-catulin and E-cadherin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC)tissue, and to explore their relationship with the occurrence and development of TSCC.Methods The expressions ofα-catulin and E-cadherin in 55 cases of TSCC tissue and 10 cases of normal tongue tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry SP method. The relationship between the expressions and the clinicopathological characteristics and the relevance of the expressions ofα-catulin and E-cadherin in TSCC tissue were analyzed.Results The positive expression rates ofα-catulin in TSCC tissue and normal tongue tissue were 69.09% and 20.00%,respectively,and there was difference between them (P<0.01).The expression ofα-catulin was correlated to the histological differentiation,clinical stage and lymph node metastases of TSCC (P<0.05).The positive expression rates of E-cadherin in TSCC tissue and normal tongue tissue were 38.18% and 80.00%,respectively, and there was significant difference between them (P< 0.01 ). The expression of E-cadherin was correlated to the clinical stage and lymph node metastases of TSCC (P<0.05 ). There was a negative correlation between the expressions ofα-catulin and E-cadherin in TSCC tissue (r=-0.466,P<0.01). Conclusion The expressions ofα-catulin and E-cadherin may be associated with the occurrence and development of TSCC,and they could be used as the parameters which predict the malignant degree and prognosis of TSCC.

Objective To explore the influence of Akt inhibitor MK2206 in the proliferation and apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma TCA-8113 cells,and to clarify the possible mechanism.Methods The tongue squamous carcinoma TCA-8113 cells at the logarithmic phase were randomly divided into control group and 1,5,25,125, 250 nmol·L-1 MK2206 groups.The inhibitory rate of proliferation of TCA-8113 cells was detected with MTT method,and the apoptotic rate of TCA-8113 cells was determined with flow cytometry(FCM),and the expressions of caspase-9,Bad,GSK-3β,p-Akt and T-Akt proteins in the TCA-8113 cells were detected with Western blotting method.Results The IC50 of tongue squamous cell carcinoma TCA-8113 cells after treated with MK2206 for 12, 24,and 36 h were (112.54±1.67),(79.67±2.01),and (33.33±1.98)nmol·L-1 .The FCM results showed that the apoptotic rates of TCA-8113 cells after treated with 1,5,25,125,and 250 nmol·L-1 MK2206 for 12 h were (14.2±0.74)%,(19.3±0.45)%,(35.1±0.45)%,(39.6±0.48)% and (52.1±0.19)%;there were significant differences compared with control group(P<0.01).The Western blotting method results showed that the expressions of p-Akt, Bad and GSK-3βwere decreased with the increasing of dose and time of MK2206;compared with theβ-actin in control group,the bands got darken;the expression level of caspase-9 was increased, compared with theβ-actin in control group, the bands got darken;the T-Akt protein expression did not change significantly;compared with the β-actin in control group, the color of bands had no significant difference.Conclusion Akt inhibitor MK2206 can inhibit the proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma TCA-8113 cells and induce apoptosis.

Objective To observe the change in memory of aged rats and the expression of alpha 4 acetylcholine receptor in hippocampus 5 h after inhalation of 1.2% isoflurane.Methods Fifty healthy adult and 50 aged SD rats were randomly divided into aged normal control group(A0),aged water labyrinth normal control group(WA0),1 day isoflurane aged water labyrinth group(WA1),3-day isoflurane aged water labyrinth group(WA3),7-day isoflurane aged water labyrinth group(WA7),adult normal control group(B0), adult water labyrinth normal control group(WB0),adult 1 day isoflurane water labyrinth group(WB1),3-day isoflurane water labyrinth group(WB3),and 7-day isoflurane water labyrinth group(WB7),10 rats in each group.Memory of rats in WA1,WA3,WA7 groups was detected 5 h after inhalation of 1.2% isoflurane while memory in rats of WB1,WB3 and WB7 groups was detected during the Morris water maze testing.The rats in A0,WA0,WA7,B0,WB0 and WB7 groups were killed on day 7 to detect the expression of ?4 acetylcholine receptor by Westernblotting for observation of changes in distribution of positive immune reaction cells in hippocampus.Results Water maze test showed that there was no significant difference in expression of alpha 4 acetylcholine receptor between WA0 and WB0 groups.However,the expression level of alpha 4 acetylcholine receptor was significantly lower in latent period of WA1 than in latent period of WA0,WB0 and WB7 groups(P