Antibody arrays, as a specific subset of protein arrays,are now used in a wide variety of applications. Although having evolved into indispensable tools for proteomic studies, they seems to be still at the middle point on the way to the final destination to have the antibody arrays with high sensitivity, minimized size and wide dynamic detection range to meet the needs for the detection of different samples. This article reviewed the recent development regarding how to improve the detection sensitivity of the antibody arrays.

Objective To build an antibody microarray based on direct labeling strategy for microalbnrninuria measurement, and evaluate it's technical potentiality for clinical application. Methods Urine samples of diabetic patients were collected. Antibody microarrays were constructed by preparation of array support, array fabrication, then protein assay and data analysis were performed. Procedure conditions for each step especially the labeling of samples were optimized. The set-ups were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. Urinary albumin excretion in the samples was detected by fabricated protein array, which was compared to that detected with immunoturbidimetry. Results The signal intensity was best when protein quality ratio of pure albumin or urine sample against NHS-biotin was 2:1. A calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995 was established. The lower limit of detection was 0.0617 mg/L. Interehip and intrachip variation studies conducted on patient urine demonstrated CVs as 6.78%-9.22% and 3.35%-7.59%, respectively. Compared with the immunoturbidimetry, the antibody microarray was able to detect the extremely lower grade albumin in urine samples. The correlation coefficient of the results obtained by the two methods was 0.9199 (P <0.01). Conclusion An antibody microarray based on direct labeling strategy for microalbuminuria measurement is successfully established, which is comparable to immunoturbidimctry in its accuracy and will have great potential for clinical use with its high throughput, sensitivity, specifity and reproducibility.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of Varenicline combined with MEDCHART application software for health education and follow-up in patients at smoking cessation clinic.Methods A total of 104 cases who had smoking cessation counseling and intervention at smoking cessation clinic from February 2014 to January 2015 were divided randomly into MEDCHART APP group (n=51) and conventional group (n=53).Both groups were intervened by brief admonishment and given Varenicline.The 9-12 weeks and 26th week protracted continuous abstinence rates were observed.Results There were no significant difference in 9-12 week protracted withdrawal rate between 26th week APP and conventional groups (56.9％ vs.45.3％),the 26th week abstinence rates in group MEDCHART APP (41.2％) were significantly higher than the conventional group (20.8％)(x2=5.088,P＜0.05).There was significant difference in full course completion rates between the two groups;15 cases (29.4％) completed the course in group MEDCHART APP,whereas 5 cases (9.4％) did so in conventional group (x2=4.405,P＜0.05).Conclusion MEDCHART APP can strengthen health education and follow-up,which helps extend the time for Varenicline,increase 26th week smoking cessation withdrawal rate.It is a useful tool for smoking cessation education and follow-up.

Aim To explore clinicalpathological features and the pathogenesis of lymphocytic mastitis, an uncommon breast benign disease. Methods The clinical pathological characteristics of 7 patients with lymphocytic mastitis were studied retrospectively. All cases were evaluated by using paraffin-embedded sections and by immunohistochemical staining with mouse anti-CD20, -CD45RO, and -CD68 antibodies. T and B lymphocytes infiltrated in the lobules of mammary gland were quantitatively analyzed according to stereoscope. The glucose regulation protein 94 (grp 94)/glycoprotein 96(gp 96), a member of heat shock protein family was also investigated in these cases by using immunohistochemical staining. Results It was showed that 4 cases were women suffering from insulin dependent diabetic mellitus (IDDM). One case was a woman without diabetic history. The history of the other two cases was not clear. The histopathological features of all 7 cases were lobulitis, perilobulitis and catheter ductitis with infiltration of lymphocytes accompanied with atrophy of lobule in mammary glands and homologous fibrosis of stroma. The result of immunohistochemical staining showed that most of infiltrated lymphocytes were B lymphocytes, while the small proportion of the cells were T lymphocytes, and the difference was significant(P〈 0.01). There was the expression of grp 94 in the cytoplasm of epithelium cells of lobules and ducts in normal mammary glands. A proportion of lymphocytes infiltrated in lobules and perilobules expressed grp 94. Some infiltrated cells expressed CD68. Conclusion A portion of lymphocytic mastitis is related closely to insulin dependent diabetic mellitus. Both humoral immunity and cellular immunity are probably involved in the pathogenesis of lymphocytic mastitis. Because of its unique pathologic and clinical features, lymphocytic mastitis should be defined as an independent mastitis and distinguished from other chronic inflammatory and fibrosing conditions in breast.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer in women and a proportion of patients experiences brain metastases with poor prognosis. The study aimed to construct a novel predictive clinical model to evaluate the overall survival (OS) of patients with postoperative brain metastasis of breast cancer (BCBM) and validate its effectiveness. METHODS: From 2010 to 2020, a total of 310 female patients with BCBM were diagnosed in The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and they were randomly assigned to the training cohort and the validation cohort. Data of another 173 BCBM patients were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database as an external validation cohort. In the training cohort, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model was used to determine the fundamental clinical predictive indicators and the nomogram was constructed to predict OS. The model capability was assessed using receiver operating characteristic, C-index, and calibration curves. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to evaluate clinical effectiveness of the risk stratification system in the model. The accuracy and prediction capability of the model were verified using the validation and SEER cohorts. RESULTS: LASSO Cox regression analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis, molecular subtype, tumor size, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and lung metastasis were statistically significantly correlated with BCBM. The C-indexes of the survival nomogram in the training, validation, and SEER cohorts were 0.714, 0.710, and 0.670, respectively, which showed good prediction capability. The calibration curves demonstrated that the nomogram had great forecast precision, and a dynamic diagram was drawn to increase the maneuverability of the results. The Risk Stratification System showed that the OS of low-risk patients was considerably better than that of high-risk patients ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The nomogram prediction model constructed in this study has a good predictive value, which can effectively evaluate the survival rate of patients with postoperative BCBM.
Female ; Humans ; Breast Neoplasms/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Brain Neoplasms/surgery* ; Nomograms