Study Design: prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial; Objective: To compare the efficacy of peribulbar block augmentated with sodium bicarbonate to that augmented with sodium hyaluronate; Subjects: 99 eyes from 94 patients undergoing cataract surgery divided into 3 groups receiving either anesthetic alone, anesthetic with bicarbonate, or anesthetic with hyaluronidase; Observation Parameters: (1) lid and ocular sensitivity to pain immediately after anesthetic injection, 30 minutes after injection and immediately after surgery, (2) onset and duration of lid and ocular analgesia and akinesia, (3) complications, and (4) the need for supplemental injections; Data Analysis: Mean onset of analgesia and akinesia, pain scores and motion scores were determined. F-test ANOVA followed by post-hoc tests (- LSD and Duncans Multiple Range Test) were used to analyze continuous data. Kruskall-Wallis test ANOVA followed by pair-wise comparison using Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze ordinal data. Chi square was used to analyze nominal data. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for within group analysis after data splitting. Relative risk, relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, and number needed to treat, were also computed. Conclusion: Peribulbar blockade using sodium bicarbonate as adjunct was found to be as effective as that which was augmented with hyaluronidase. Anesthetic solutions with additives (sodium bicarbonate or hyaluronidase) were found to be superior to pure anesthetics in terms of latency, intensity of analgesia, and degree of akinesia.
Human ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; CATARACT SURGERY ; CATARACT EXTRACTION ; SODIUM BICARBONATE ; BICARBONATES AND SODIUM ;

BACKGROUND: When local anesthetics for regional anesthesia is used, usually small amounts of bicarbonate are added for rapid onset. This addition gives the mixed solution a more alkaline pH. The following result is an increased unionized form of the local anesthetic and rapid penetration of the drug into tissue. Unfortunately, no data about adequate mixing volumes of domestic lidocaine and bicarbonate is available. METHODS: We examined six mixing pairs of two kinds of 2% lidocaines and three kinds of 8.4% bicarbonates for minimum volumes of bicarbonate to cause a precipitation of 2% 20 ml lidocaine. RESULTS: The mean volumes of bicarbonate to cause precipitation were 1.54 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 2.90 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate, 2.73 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate, 0.97 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 1.26 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate and 1.39 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate. CONCLSIONS: We conclude that the Kwang-Myung lidocaine and the Je-Il lidocaine could cause precipitation when mixing with a smaller bicarbonate volume than foreign textbook recommended.
Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bicarbonates ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lidocaine

No abstract available.
Animal ; Bicarbonates/metabolism* ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Pancreatic Ducts/metabolism* ; Perfusion

During the routine tests, it's found that the testing method related to Hemodialysis mentioned in the industry standard YY0598-2006 cannot reflect the real bicarbonate concentration in Hemodialysis. To discuss the reaction principle and its interference factors deeply by studying the assay determination of bicarbonate in Hemodialysis, and it could be cited as reference for amending the quality standard or troubleshooting. The improved way of determining bicarbonate concentration in Hemodialysis is also put up.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; Dialysis Solutions ; analysis ; standards ; Renal Dialysis ; methods ; standards

Orthogonal combination design was adopted in examining the Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) yield and the influence of four factors (Se content, Se-adding method, S content and NaHCO3 content) on algae growth. The results showed that Se content, Se-adding method and NaHCO3 content were key factors in cultivation conditions of Se-enriched S. platensis with the optimal combination being Se at 300 mg/L, Se-adding amount equally divided into three times and NaHCO3 at 16.8 g/L. Algae yield had a remarkable correlation with OD560 and floating rate by linear regression analysis. There was a corresponding relationship between effects of the four factors on algae yield and on OD560, floating rate too. In conclusion, OD560 and floating rate could be served as yield-forming factors.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; Culture Media ; Cyanobacteria ; growth & development ; Selenium ; analysis ; pharmacology

This essay is to present an improvement on the concentration assay for sodium chloride in bicarbonate dialysate.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; chemistry ; Dialysis Solutions ; analysis ; chemistry ; Sodium Chloride ; analysis

Following a radical cystectomy to treat bladder cancer, the ureters can be implanted in a short loop of ileum, which serves as an orthotopic bladder replacement. However, several investigators have reported the frequent development of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and electrolyte disturbance in these patients. The colon segments secrete sodium and bicarbonate ions and reabsorb ammonium, hydrogen, and chloride ions when exposed to urine, causing metabolic acidosis. In most cases, the acid-base disorder is not very troublesome. The metabolic acidosis can usually be corrected by administering sodium bicarbonate. We experienced a case of severe metabolic acidosis associated with urinary diversion that improved with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).
Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bicarbonates ; Colon ; Cystectomy ; Humans ; Hydrogen ; Ileum ; Ions ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Research Personnel ; Sodium ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Diversion

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The principle of the rapid urease test is the assessment of the color change of the pH indicator, phenol red, by ammonium and bicarbonate ions which were produced by the urease. We modified a conventional rapid urease test, and quantified H. pylori infection by measuring the change of spectrophotometric absorbance. METHODS: 202 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were endoscopically examined and three biopsies were performed in each antrum and fundus. Two biopsy specimens were stained with Giemsa and scored from 0 to 4 according to the distribution of bacteria by the Wyatt method. Another specimen was used for the quantitative rapid urease test. The tissue was incubated in a cuvette containing 10% of urea solution and phenol red at 37C. We measured optical densities in 550 nm at 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hrs, 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 24 hrs time points.
Ammonium Compounds ; Bacteria ; Bicarbonates ; Biopsy ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Urea ; Urease*

PURPOSE: Urine alkalinization is commonly used to treat rhabdomyolysis and to prevent the rapid progression of rhabdomyolysis into acute renal failure. However, there are no prospective studies on the beneficial effect of urine alkalinization on rhabdomyolysis. We prospectively examined whether fluid hydration with urine alkalinization treatment would be more effective than single hydration treatment in treating rhabdomyolysis and preventing acute renal failure in the emergency department. METHODS: We performed a prospective randomized trial with fifty-eight patients who were diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis. Thirty-five patients were treated with crystalloid alone, while the others were treated with crystalloid mixed with sodium bicarbonates. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatinine levels were checked every 4 hours for the first 24 hours and then checked every 8 hours thereafter. Data collected included "peak CPK time"(time from the start of treatment to achievement of the maximal CPK value), increasing and decreasing rate of CPK, and whether acute renal failure developed. RESULTS: Patient's age, sex, initial CPK concentrations, and initial creatinine concentrations were not statistically different between the single hydration treatment group and the hydration with urine alkalinization group. Mean time to peak CPK was 10.2+/-13.7 hours in the single hydration group and 8.1+/-10.2 hours in the hydration with urine alkalinization group. Neither the time to peak CPK nor the CPK change rates was statistically different between the two groups (p=0.547, p=0.176, p=0.696). CONCLUSION: Hydration with urine alkalinization as a treatment for rhabdomyolysis and prevention of acute renal failure did not improve patient results over single hydration treatment.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Bicarbonates ; Creatine Kinase ; Creatinine ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Rhabdomyolysis* ; Sodium

The administration of oral rehydration solution (ORS) has rescued the lives of people with diarrhea. Although diarrhea mortality rates have dropped by 75% from 1980 to 2008 in worldwide, diarrhea continues to be a major cause of child death, especially in children younger than 5 years. The clinical application of the standard WHO-ORS in large-scale campaigns resulted in decreased mortality associated with acute diarrheal disease in children. Many clinical trials on variants of ORS such as hypo-osmolar solutions, rice-based solutions, zinc supplementation, and the addition on other advantageous substances have been performed to improve outcomes of diarrheal treatment. This paper reviews the pathophysiologic base and history of ORS, composition of ORS, and its clinical use for acute diarrhea and other intestinal diseases.
Bicarbonates ; Child ; Diarrhea ; Electrolytes ; Fluid Therapy ; Glucose ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases ; Potassium Chloride ; Sodium Chloride ; Zinc