No abstract available.
Animal ; Bicarbonates/metabolism* ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Pancreatic Ducts/metabolism* ; Perfusion

BACKGROUND: When local anesthetics for regional anesthesia is used, usually small amounts of bicarbonate are added for rapid onset. This addition gives the mixed solution a more alkaline pH. The following result is an increased unionized form of the local anesthetic and rapid penetration of the drug into tissue. Unfortunately, no data about adequate mixing volumes of domestic lidocaine and bicarbonate is available. METHODS: We examined six mixing pairs of two kinds of 2% lidocaines and three kinds of 8.4% bicarbonates for minimum volumes of bicarbonate to cause a precipitation of 2% 20 ml lidocaine. RESULTS: The mean volumes of bicarbonate to cause precipitation were 1.54 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 2.90 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate, 2.73 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate, 0.97 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 1.26 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate and 1.39 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate. CONCLSIONS: We conclude that the Kwang-Myung lidocaine and the Je-Il lidocaine could cause precipitation when mixing with a smaller bicarbonate volume than foreign textbook recommended.
Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bicarbonates ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lidocaine

During the routine tests, it's found that the testing method related to Hemodialysis mentioned in the industry standard YY0598-2006 cannot reflect the real bicarbonate concentration in Hemodialysis. To discuss the reaction principle and its interference factors deeply by studying the assay determination of bicarbonate in Hemodialysis, and it could be cited as reference for amending the quality standard or troubleshooting. The improved way of determining bicarbonate concentration in Hemodialysis is also put up.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; Dialysis Solutions ; analysis ; standards ; Renal Dialysis ; methods ; standards

This essay is to present an improvement on the concentration assay for sodium chloride in bicarbonate dialysate.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; chemistry ; Dialysis Solutions ; analysis ; chemistry ; Sodium Chloride ; analysis

Orthogonal combination design was adopted in examining the Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) yield and the influence of four factors (Se content, Se-adding method, S content and NaHCO3 content) on algae growth. The results showed that Se content, Se-adding method and NaHCO3 content were key factors in cultivation conditions of Se-enriched S. platensis with the optimal combination being Se at 300 mg/L, Se-adding amount equally divided into three times and NaHCO3 at 16.8 g/L. Algae yield had a remarkable correlation with OD560 and floating rate by linear regression analysis. There was a corresponding relationship between effects of the four factors on algae yield and on OD560, floating rate too. In conclusion, OD560 and floating rate could be served as yield-forming factors.
Bicarbonates ; analysis ; Culture Media ; Cyanobacteria ; growth & development ; Selenium ; analysis ; pharmacology

A 21-year-old woman ingested 1,250 mg of diphenhydramine in a single overdose. Diphenhydramine, a rare ingredient in over-the-counter medication, is used to treat insomnia in Korea. Toxicity is usually limited to anticholinergic symptoms. The standard approach to therapy for the treatment of diphenhydramine overdose is supportive care, including physostigmines and sodium bicarbonates. Here, we review the literature and for the first time report a case of acute diphenhydramine overdosage in Korea, complicated with seizures.
Bicarbonates ; Diphenhydramine ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Physostigmine ; Seizures ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sodium ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The principle of the rapid urease test is the assessment of the color change of the pH indicator, phenol red, by ammonium and bicarbonate ions which were produced by the urease. We modified a conventional rapid urease test, and quantified H. pylori infection by measuring the change of spectrophotometric absorbance. METHODS: 202 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were endoscopically examined and three biopsies were performed in each antrum and fundus. Two biopsy specimens were stained with Giemsa and scored from 0 to 4 according to the distribution of bacteria by the Wyatt method. Another specimen was used for the quantitative rapid urease test. The tissue was incubated in a cuvette containing 10% of urea solution and phenol red at 37C. We measured optical densities in 550 nm at 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hrs, 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 24 hrs time points.
Ammonium Compounds ; Bacteria ; Bicarbonates ; Biopsy ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Urea ; Urease*

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between arterial blood gas (ABG) and peripheral venous blood gas (VBG) samples for all commonly used parameters in patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A single-center, prospective trial was carried out in a medical ICU in order to determine the level of correlation of ABG and peripheral VBG measurements. A maximum of five paired ABG-VBG samples were obtained per patient to prevent a single patient from dominating the data set. RESULTS: Regression equations were derived to predict arterial values from venous values as follows: arterial pH=-1.108+1.145xvenous pH+0.008xPCO2-0.012xvenous HCO3+0.002xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.655), arterial PCO2=88.6-10.888xvenous pH+0.150xPCO2+0.812xvenous HCO3+0.124xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.609), arterial HCO3=-89.266+12.677xvenous pH+0.042xPCO2+0.675xvenous HCO3+0.185xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.782). The mean ABG minus peripheral VBG differences for pH, PCO2, and bicarbonates were not clinically important for between-person heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Peripheral venous pH, PCO2, bicarbonates, and total CO2 may be used as alternatives to their arterial equivalents in many clinical contexts encountered in the ICU.
Bicarbonates ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between arterial blood gas (ABG) and peripheral venous blood gas (VBG) samples for all commonly used parameters in patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A single-center, prospective trial was carried out in a medical ICU in order to determine the level of correlation of ABG and peripheral VBG measurements. A maximum of five paired ABG-VBG samples were obtained per patient to prevent a single patient from dominating the data set. RESULTS: Regression equations were derived to predict arterial values from venous values as follows: arterial pH=-1.108+1.145xvenous pH+0.008xPCO2-0.012xvenous HCO3+0.002xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.655), arterial PCO2=88.6-10.888xvenous pH+0.150xPCO2+0.812xvenous HCO3+0.124xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.609), arterial HCO3=-89.266+12.677xvenous pH+0.042xPCO2+0.675xvenous HCO3+0.185xvenous total CO2 (R2=0.782). The mean ABG minus peripheral VBG differences for pH, PCO2, and bicarbonates were not clinically important for between-person heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Peripheral venous pH, PCO2, bicarbonates, and total CO2 may be used as alternatives to their arterial equivalents in many clinical contexts encountered in the ICU.
Bicarbonates ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Prospective Studies

The administration of oral rehydration solution (ORS) has rescued the lives of people with diarrhea. Although diarrhea mortality rates have dropped by 75% from 1980 to 2008 in worldwide, diarrhea continues to be a major cause of child death, especially in children younger than 5 years. The clinical application of the standard WHO-ORS in large-scale campaigns resulted in decreased mortality associated with acute diarrheal disease in children. Many clinical trials on variants of ORS such as hypo-osmolar solutions, rice-based solutions, zinc supplementation, and the addition on other advantageous substances have been performed to improve outcomes of diarrheal treatment. This paper reviews the pathophysiologic base and history of ORS, composition of ORS, and its clinical use for acute diarrhea and other intestinal diseases.
Bicarbonates ; Child ; Diarrhea ; Electrolytes ; Fluid Therapy ; Glucose ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases ; Potassium Chloride ; Sodium Chloride ; Zinc