Objective To study how to enhance the effectiveness of international disaster relief in order to explore the features and applications of two different patterns of medical rescue.Methods A retrospective analysis of the experiences of the China International Relief Team,including the constitution of the team,working hours on the disaster area,and the numbers of patients rescued per doctor per day,during the 12 occasions of international mission over the past 10 years since the team founded.Results Since the first time for international rescue operation acted in Algeria in 2003,the China International Search and Rescue (CISAR) team has taken part in 12 humanitarian relief operations which can be categorized into two patterns of medical rescue:the first pattern is integrated by search,rescue and initial medical service on site,the second one is exclusively for medical relief (the first pattern consisting of 15.4％ medical staff and 61.4％ medical staff in the second pattern).According to the former pattern,CISAR team should arrive at the stricken area of earthquake less than 3 days and withdraw after 7 - 10 days of work with about 10.8average working days.Four survivors trapped in collapsed buildings were rescued during the six international rescue operations,and 662 sick and casualties on average were treated each time.The latter pattern often carried out by CISAR team after the work of the former pattern (over 10 days after the disaster) had been done with average working time of 17.8 days.There were 6812 patients on average treated in each time.Comparison between the two patterns showed that the latter one needed more medical staff and longer working days.The data of these two patterns varies significantly. Conclusions The search and rescue pattern is different from the pattern of exclusively medical rescue,and the urban search and rescue team is integrated the search and rescue with medical service,which was proposed by the United States,because of its versatility in the stricken areas of earthquake.It gives lot of useful information to the developing countries for setting up modern relief teams.The time and mode of sending a search and rescue team or a medical team to the stricken area of disaster depend on the assessment of disaster and the requirements of the local government.The capability of the search and rescue team can be extended beyond the ruins,but the capability of the medical team can hardly extend deep enough beneath the ruins,so that the first pattern is much superior to the second one.To set up a local relief team should meet the requirement of the local government to deal with different kinds of disaster.

Objective To summarize the enperience of medical rescue and rdlief work in flood disaster at over seas. Method From August,26 to September14, 2010, China's international medical rescue team urgently ordered by the Chinese gevernment for the first time went to join the Pakistan flood disaster medical relief mission to carry out international humanitarianism rescue work. Aiming directly at infectious diseases prevention and treatment after flood disaster, organized medical rescue team from the hospital; consummated medical rescue plan; equipped with medical materials; established medical profession safety regulation. Results Through 18 days hard working,China's international medical rescue team received 11 243 persons, and treated 11020 patients. Conclusions China is one of the first countries to join the Pakistan flood disaster medical relief mission.

Objective To analyze the emergency medical services of the 2006 Olympic Came opening ceremony,and meanwhile to provide information and data for medical treatment at future international activities.Method About 120 000 people,consisting of athletes,actors,audience and staff,joined the opening ceremony.The emergency medical services were completed according to gathering regions,flowing directions,routes,and peaks,and the results were statistically analyzed.Results Twenty-two medical stations and 61 emergency medical supervising units provided pre-hospital services,and there turned out to be 573 patients during the opening ceremony.All of the patients were provided with emergent medical services on the spot,and some critically ill patients were sent to the local hospital after first aid.There was no death,serious.injuries,or chaos during the Opening Ceremony.Conchusions The foundation of emergency service is to set up a sound emergency response system.To successfully fulfill the minion.it is well-advised to enforce the pre-hospital human resources and emergency equipments,make serial trainings.collocate the medical station and supervising stands according to the the number of patients and its peak.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of acarbose combined with metformin on related indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS:A total of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into control group (50 cases) and observation group (50 cases).Control group was given Acrbose tablet 50 mg orally,3 times a day.Observation group was additionally given Metformin hydrochloride tablet 0.5 g orally,3 times a day,on the basis of control group.Both groups were treated for 12 weeks.The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG),fasting plasma insulin (FINS),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2 hPG),postprandial 2 h insulin (2 hFINS),insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR),the proportion of Th cell subsets in CD4+ T cells,IL-22,IL-17A and IFN-γ,mRNA expression of IL-22,IL-17A and IFN-γ were observed in 2 groups before and after treatment.The occurrence of ADR was recorded.RESULTS:After treatment,FPG,FINS,HbA1c,2 hPG,2 hFINS,HOMA-IR,the proportion of Th cell subsets in CD4+ T cells,the concentrations of IL-22,IL-17A and IFN-γ,expression of IL-22 mRNA,IL-17A mRNA and IFN-γ mRNA in 2 groups were significantly lower than before treatment,with statistical significance (P＜0.05);there was no significant difference in the proportion of Th1 in T cells between 2 groups (P＞0.05).Other indexes of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSIONS:For patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,acarbose combined with metformin can effectively control the level of blood glucose,improve insulin resistance,balance Th cell subsets,reduce inflammatory factors levels but don't increase the occurrence of ADR.

No abstract available.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Probiotics

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to observe the color rebound and rebound rates of non-pulp discolored teeth within 1 year after routine internal bleaching to guide clinical practice and prompt prognosis. METHODS: In this work, the efficacy of bleaching was observed in 20 patients. The color of discolored teeth was measured by using a computerized colorimeter before bleaching; immediately after bleaching; and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months after bleaching. The L*, a*, and b* values of the color of cervical, mesial, and incisal parts of the teeth were obtained, and the color change amounts ΔE*, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* were calculated. The overall rebound rate (P*) and the color rebound velocity (V*) were also analyzed over time. RESULTS: In 20 patients following treatment, the average ΔE* of tooth color change was 14.99. After bleaching, the neck and middle of the teeth ΔE* and ΔL* decreased in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months, and the differences were statistically significant. Meanwhile, from the 9th month after bleaching, the rebound speed was lower than that in the 1st month, and the difference was statistically significant. The incisal end of the tooth ΔE* and ΔL* decreased in the 6th, 9th, and 12th months after bleaching, and the differences were statistically significant. No significant difference was found in the rebound speed between time points. However, this rate settled after the 9th month, with an average color rebound rate of 30.11% in 20 patients. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that internal bleaching could cause a noticeable color change on pulpless teeth. The color rebound after bleaching was mainly caused by lightness (L*), which gradually decreased with time, and it was slightly related to a* and b*. The color of the teeth after internal bleaching rebounded to a certain extent with time, but the color rebound speed became stable from the 9th month. Clinically, secondary internal bleaching can be considered at this time according to whether the colors of the affected tooth and the adjacent tooth are coordinated and depending on the patient's needs.
Humans ; Tooth Bleaching/methods* ; Tooth, Nonvital/drug therapy* ; Color ; Tooth Discoloration/drug therapy* ; Tooth ; Hydrogen Peroxide/therapeutic use* ; Tooth Bleaching Agents/therapeutic use*