The academic thoughts of Lingnan acupuncture and moxibustion have been an essential part of Lingnan medicine. By exploration and arrangement of Lingnan medicine and books, journals and literatures regarding acupuncture and moxibustion, the ancient and modern acupuncturists and their academic contributions in Lingnan area were reviewed. As a result, the number of Lingnan acupuncturists and their works was low before Qing Dynasty, while from the Republic of China era to People's Republic of China, a considerable amount of acupuncturists emerged with quite a lot of works. By exploration and arrangement of Lingnan acupuncturists and their works and academic opinion, the acupuncture-moxibustion school characterized by Lingnan could be formed and developed.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; manpower ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Physicians ; history

OBJECTIVE:To assess the current situation of pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies in China.METHODS:A total of351papers on pharmacoeconomic evaluation,published in Chinese academic journals,issued before year2003,were systematically reviewed.RESULTS:It was improper and nonstandard that Chinese researcher handled the theories,methodologies and analysis techniques of pharmacoeconomic evaluation.CONCLUSION:Further academic communication and the initiative and formulation of the guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluation will be necessary to improve the research quality and clinically rational use of pharmaceuticals and serve the formulation of related policies.

Objective To investigate the protective immunity in mice immunized with recombinantBifidobacteria bifidum(Bb)-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) and challenged with Eg protoscoleces.Methods Fifty-six female BALB/c mice 12-14 weeks old and weighed 20-25 g were vaccinated with the recombinant Bb-Eg95 vaccine subcutaneously,intramuscularly,intranasally and orally,respectively,with blank vector,Bb and medium of solution(MRS) as control,8 mice in each group.Mice were challenged with Eg protoscoleces on week 8 after immunization and killed on week 25 after infection.The weight of hydatid cyst was measured and the decreased larva rate was calculated.Sera were collected to determine the levels of IgE,IgG and its subclasses by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Splenocytes were collected and cultivated to test the proliferation of splenocytes using methyltetrazolium (MTT) assay under EgAg and concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation.The results were compared with analysis of variance and the comparison between two groups was performed with LSD-t test.Results There was significant difference in the weight of hydatid cyst between groups (F =11.062,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with MRS control group[(0.075 ± 0.019)g],the hydatid cyst weight decreased in subcutaneous group [(0.050 ± 0.013)g],intramuscular group[(0.050 ± 0.019)g],intranasal group[(0.028 ± 0.016)g] and oral group [(0.031 ± 0.018)g,all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with subcutaneous and intramuscular groups,the hydatid cyst weight decreased in intranasal and oral groups(all P ＜ 0.05).The decreased larva rate was inversely proportional to the weight of hydatid cyst.There was significant difference in the levels(obsorbancy,A) of IgG,IgG2a,IgG2b,IgG1,IgG3 and IgE between these groups(F =21.774,36.977,27.071,14.746,10.131,9.444,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with MRS control group (0.015 ± 0.002,0.002 ± 0.001,0.003 ± 0.001),the levels of IgG,IgG2a and IgG2b increased in subcutaneous group(0.022 ± 0.004,0.007 ± 0.002,0.008 ± 0.002),intramuscular group (0.023 ± 0.003,0.008 ± 0.002,0.007 ± 0.002),intranasal group(0.032 ± 0.007,0.012 ± 0.002,0.013 ± 0.004)and oral group(0.028 ± 0.006,0.010 ± 0.003,0.010 ± 0.002,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with subcutaneous and intramuscular groups,the levels of IgG,IgG2a and IgG2b increased in intranasal and oral groups(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with MRS control group(0.009 ± 0.001,0.009 ± 0.002,0.009 ± 0.001),the levels of IgG1,IgG3 and IgE decreased in subcutaneous group(0.022 ± 0.004,0.007 ± 0.002,0.008 0.002),intramuscular group(0.004 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.002),intranasal group(0.005 ± 0.002,0.005 ± 0.003,0.005 ± 0.002)and oral group(0.005 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.002,0.004 ± 0.003,all P ＜ 0.01).There was significant difference in the proliferation of splenocytes in the supernatant of cultured splenocyte,of cultured splenocyte + EgAg and of cultured splenocyte + ConA(F =63.975,359.833,167.399,P ＜ 0.01).There was significant difference in the proliferation of splenocytes inside groups(F =6741.955,4953.667,869.320,201.235,175.413,139.653,169.994,all P ＜0.01).Compared with the cultured splenocyte the proliferation of splenocytes increased in the cultured splenocyte +EgAg and splenocyte + ConA (all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the cultured splenocyte + EgAg,the proliferation of splenocytes increased in the cultured splenocyte + ConA(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion An effective and protective immunity is induced by the recombinant Bb-Eg95 vaccine of Eg in mice.

Adolescent ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Kidney Calculi ; chemically induced ; diagnosis ; Male ; Triazines ; toxicity

Objective: To observe the improving effect of muscle regions of meridians needling method on the upper limb function in children with cerebral palsy of spastic hemiplegic type. Methods: A total of 100 children with cerebral palsy of spastic hemiplegia type were divided into a treatment group and a control group according to the visiting sequence, with 50 cases in each group. The control group was treated with conventional rehabilitation plus conventional acupuncture treatment. The treatment group was treated with conventional rehabilitation plus muscle regions of meridians needling method. The electromyography (EMG) signal values of triceps brachii and pronator teres were detected before treatment, and 3 months and 6 months after treatment. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by Peabody developmental motor scale-fine motor (PDMS-FM) and fine motor function measure (FMFM). Results: Three and six months after treatment, the EMG signal values of triceps brachii and pronator teres, grasping scores and visual-motor integrated scores of PDMS-FM and the FMFM scores in both groups increased to varying degrees compared with the same group before treatment, and the intra-group differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). Six months after treatment, the results of the above three items in the treatment group were all better than those in the control group, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Muscle regions of meridians needling method added on the basis of conventional rehabilitation can effectively reduce the muscle tone of upper limb and enhance the muscle strength, and improve the upper limb function in children with cerebral palsy of spastic hemiplegia type. The efficacy is superior to that of the conventional rehabilitation plus conventional acupuncture treatment.

Objective To investigate the efficacy differences of different doses of cyclophosphamide(CTX)among subcategories of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis(LN). Methods Clinical data of 133 LN patients diagnosed by renal biopsy with class IV or class IV +V who were treated with corticosteroid plus CTX were analyzed retrospectively. The baseline Scr, 24 h urine protein, CTX dosages and prognosis were compared among different dosages for each subcategory. Results The average cumulative dose of CTX within 6 months was(11.1 4.1)g. The high dose group was >12 g, the medium dose group was >6-12 g and the low dose group was ≤6 g. Compared to low dose group, high dose CTX increased the remission rate of class Ⅳ +Ⅴ(67% vs 40%, P=0.314)and chronic renal lesion(43% vs 0%, P=0.212), but such enhancement was not obvious in class Ⅳ(Ⅳ-S: 67% vs 50%, P=0.548, Ⅳ-G: 65% vs 70%, P= 0.560). Difference of overall adverse reactions was not significant between high dose group and low dose group(51% vs 37% ,P=0.224). Conclusion Corticosteroid plus high dose CTX may improve the remission rate of patients with class IV + V and chronic renal lesions.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, classification and outcome in lupus nephritis(LN)patients with thrombotic microangiopathy(TMA). Methods LN patients with TMA proven by renal biopsy, from January 2000 to February 2009 in our hospital were enrolled. They were classified as poly-immunocomplex deposit group(n =35)and pauci-immunocomplex deposit group(n=25). Their clinicopathologic features and outcome were analyzed retrospectively. Results(l)The incidence of TMA in lupus nephritis was 9.2%(n=62), which presented severe hypertension, prominently elevated serum creatinine, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and was also the poorest prognosis of all the vascular lesion types. The incidence of death/end stage renal disease(ESRD)was 25.0%, with a mortality rate of 13.6%.(2)According to immunocomplex deposit in renal tissue, LN complicated with TMA could be classified as "poly immunocomplex deposit subtype" and "pauci-immunocomplex deposit subtype". The former presented better response to steroid and immunosuppressant therapy, in spite of more active clinicopathologic manifestations. The incidences of death/ESRD of poly subtype and pauci subtype were 8.8% and 32.0% respectively. Conclusions TMA presenting severe manifestations and the poorest prognosis is not rare in LN. LN with TMA may be classified as poly-immunocomplex deposit subtype and pauci-immunocomplex deposit subtype. This classification may be helpful in prognosis because the latter shows bad response to steroid-immunosuppressant therapy.

The aerolysin genes (aerA) of BZ and NK isolates were cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis showed that the partial aerA of BZ and NK isolates consisted of 1393 bp, encoding a protein of 464 amino acids. The similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of aerA between BZ and NK isolates was 97.6% and 98.3% respectively. The nucleotide sequence of aerA of BZ strain exhibited 71.6% to 97.5% homology with other Aeromonas isolates, and the amino acid sequence exhibited 68.0% to 98.9% homology. The phylogenetic tree based on aerA nucleotide sequences from Aeromonas isolates was constructed with neighbor-joining method. It showed that there were three branches of aerolysin genes, and a close relation- ship among Aeromonas hydrophila isolates which were clustered into the same branch.

Objective To analyze the relationship between renal pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis in type 2 diabetic kidney disease patients,and discuss predictive value of pathological type and indexes for renal function declining rate and related outcome events.Methods Ninety-two type 2 diabetes patients from PUMC Hospital (with macroalbuminuria and followed up no less than 6 months,excluding patients with non-diabetic renal disease) were divided into typical diabetic glomerulopathy group (DG,n=51) and atypical diabetes-related renal disease group(ADRD,n=41) according to renal pathological findings.A retrospective cohort study was performed to investigate renal pathological features and prognosis.Results Total of 29 renal outcome events and 12 death events occurred in DG group and none in ADRD group; the survival rate and kidney survival rate are different between two groups (P ＜ 0.05); DG group,thick GBM,severe vascular and tubular lesion are predicative indicators for renal outcome event; mesangial volume fraction is predicative indicator for renal outcome events independent of age and serum creatinine.Conclusions DG and ADRD patients have different prognosis and might undergo different pathophysiological mechanisms; renal pathological type and mesangial volume fraction could help predicting outcomes of type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients.