Objective To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of atherothrombotic events (AT) within 7 days after transient ischemic attack (TIA) with ABCD2 Score in Chinese patients. Methods With ABCD2 Score, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 198 TIA patients ,which met the inclusion criteria of our study. They were divided into a low risk group (ABCD2 ≤3) and a moderate-high risk group(ABCD2≥4) and the incidence, types and risk factors of AT within 7 days after TIA were evaluated and compared respectively with χ2 test between the two groups. Statistic significance was considered as P < 0.05. Results The order of the frequency of accompanying diseases was hypertension 68.18% (135/198), diabetes 23.74% (47/198), coronary artery disease 21.72% (43/198), ischemic stroke 15.66% (31/198) and hyperlipemia 12. 63% (25/198). AT within 7 days after TIA was observed in 6.19% (6/97) of the patients in the low risk group, all of them were suffering from TIA recurrence. In the moderate-high risk group, 14. 85% (15/101) of the patients experienced AT, including 2 eases of TIA recurrence, 10 cases of ischemic stroke, 1 case of both TIA recurrence and ischemic stroke, 1 case of angina pectoris and 1 case of myocardial infarction. There was no peripheral vascular disease or death from vascular disease. Incidence of AT within 7 days in the moderate-high risk group was significantly higher than that in the low risk group (51.70% vs 27. 27%, P < 0.05). Conclusion TIA patients with ABCD2 ≥4 are at higher risk of AT within 7 days after TIA onset.

Objective To investigate the prevention and cure effects of irbesartan on diabetic nephropathy.Methods The tissues of kidneys were harvested for histomorphometry and transmission electron microscope observation.The nuclear factor-?B(NF-?B) activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assays(EMSA) in renal tissue and the level of TNF-? was measured by radio-immunity in serum.Results The glomerular basement membrane thickening,the numbers of total glomerular cells and monocyt cells in a glomerulus in experimental group were less than those of the control group.The NF-?B activity and TNF-? level were positively correlated with glomerular basement membrane thickening.Conclusion The irbesartan can prevent and cure diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NF-?B and depressing inflammatory response.

AIM: To investigate the effect of endotoxin on rat hepatic mitochondria. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into two groups:endotoxin group and the control. 8 cases of animals were included in each group. The effect of electron leak on the production of endogenous oxygen free radicals and the changes of mitochondria function were studied.RESULTS: Treated with endotoxin, a significant increase in O  2 and the rate of state 3,4 were observed in liver mitochondria; The rate of electron transfer to proton pump of mitochondria respiratory chain complex Ⅱ+Ⅲ( H +/2e -), respiratory control rate and ADP/O decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: A increase in production of endogenous oxygen free radicals induced by endotoxin plays an important role in the injury of rat liver mitochondria.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and value of CT perfusion imaging in combination of CTA 320-slice CT with dual-low-dose in detection of acute cerebral ischemia.Methods Forty patients with acute stroke underwent perfusion imaging and CTA using a single scan with 320-slice CT with dual-low-dose schedule.CTA,4D-CTA,4D-perfusion imaging and fusion images were generated at a post-processing workstation.All patients also underwent a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging with DWI for a comparison.Quality of the images,degree of vascular stenosis,and location of ischemic lesions were evaluated.Results The vascu-lar stenosis or occlusion was found in 33 patients,8 of whom were confirmed by the DSA.The ratio of better images of CTA was 82.5%.CTP showed 297 lesions with abnormal perfusion.202 lesions were confirmed as infarct by DWI,while 95 ones were nor-mal on DWI but with increased DLY and TTP and slightly decreased CBF and CBV in 49,increased DLY and TTP and normal CBF and CBV in 21,and increased DLY and TTP and slightly increased CBF and CBV in 25.Conclusion CT perfusion in combination with CTA by 320-slice CT with dual-low-dose is feasible and useful to observe accurately the vascular structures and the ischemic status of the whole brain at early stage.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the disinfecting effect of electrolyzed-oxiding water(EOW) on dental(instruments) contaminated after clinical operation.METHODS Use K-reamer and high-speed handpiece as objects of test.(K-reamers) were disinfected by EOW and 2% glutaraldehyde for 5min and 10min,respectively.And(handpieces) were disinfected by EOW and autoclave sterilization,respectively.The samples were collected from each(K-reamer) and each handpiece′surface and its water-canal before and after disinfection.The samples were done germiculture.RESULTS Disinfecting K-reamer for 10min,the disinfection rate of two disinfectants(EOW and 2%(glutaraldehyde)) were both 100%.Disinfecting handpiece with EOW(by surface-wiping,immersing and rinsing the water-canal)or autoclaving sterilization,the disinfection rate of EOW and 2%glutaraldehyde were both 100%.(Disinfecting) handpiece with EOW(by surface-wiping,immersing and rinsing the water-canal) or autoclaving(sterilizaion),the bacteria contaminated on handpiece′s surface and in the water-canal could all be killed,while(disinfecting) handpieces with EOW only by surface-wiping,and immersing,in the water-canal there were still a lot of bacteria.CONCLUSIONS The disinfecting effect of EOW is reliable and safe compared with 2%(glutaraldehyde) and autoclave sterilization.

Background Previous studies showed that the pathogenesis of uveitis is related to γδ T cells.However,it remains unclear that how these cells are involved in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).Objective This study aimed to observe the dynamic changes of γδ T cells in EAU and explore the role of γδ T cells in the pathological process of EAU.Methods Forty-five C57BL/6(B6) mice were assigned to the normal control group (six mice) and EAU model group (thirty-nine mice).The mice were immunized subcutaneously at 6 spots on the footpads,tail base,and flank with emulsion containing human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein1-20 (IRBP1-20) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant.After immunization,the mice were examined for clinical signs of EAU by using a Genesis-D camera.The changes of histopathology were compared by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Mouse lymphocytes were isolated and purified from the spleens of IRBP1-20-immunized or normal B6 mice by using a γδ T-cell isolation kit.Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of intracellular expression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A),and then transferred the activated γδ T cells into EAU models to analyze the changes of clinical signs and histopathology of EAU.Experimental study program as well as the use and feeding of the animals were authorized by the Animal Management and Use Committee of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University.Results The inflammatory symptoms in mouse eyes appeared on day 12 after modeling.The initial changes were fundal blood vessel thickening and minimal inflammatory cell infiltration.Then,multifocal chorioretinal lesions,serious vasculitis and linear lesions were observed on days 16-20,along with abundant lymphocyte infiltration in the vitreous and retinal disorganization.The inflammation symptom scores and the pathological inflammation scores at different time points after modeling had statistically significant differences (F =51.399,P =0.000;F =47.342,P =0.000).The inflammatory symptoms in the eyes began to abate from day 28 onwards.The number of γδ T cells was obviously increased during the inflammation phase of EAU at day 16-20 after modeling,with the number of γδ T cells was (5.67 ±-0.49) ％ and (5.78 ±±0.55) ％,respectively,which was significantly higher than (1.53 ± 0.14) ％ before modeling,with significant differences between them (both at P＜0.05),meanwhile CD69 levels and the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and secreted IL-17A were elavated.The secretion level of IL-17A was (13.40±0.50)％ and (17.80±2.37)％ on day 16 and day 20 after modeling,respectively,which was significantly higher than (1.53 ± 0.19) ％ before modeling,with significant differences between them (P =0.000,0.001).The activated γδ T cells were transferred into EAU model,the inflammation symptom scores were 1.00 (1.00,2.00) after activated γδ T cells were transferred into EAU model,which was significantly higher than 0.75 (0.05,1.00) of the untransferred group (Z =27.00,P =0.03),and the symptoms of EAU were aggravated.Conclusions The proportion of γδ T cells reaches peak in inflammation of EAU,and the cells are activated.The activated γδ T cells in the EAU model play a immune regulation role by secreting IL-17A.

AIM:To study the effects of N-palmitoylethanolamide ( PEA) on the anxiety-and depression-like behaviors of the mouse model induced by restraint stress , and to explore the possible mechanism of anxiolytic and antide-pressant effects of PEA .METHODS:The mice were intragastrically treated with 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg of PEA for 21 con-secutive days once daily .Thirty min after intragastric administration , the mice ( except the normal control group ) were placed in the glass tube to accept 4-h chronic restraint stress for 21 d.After the last administration , the mice were submit-ted to the forced stress test and the open field test (OFT) to observe the effects of PEA on the depression-like behaviors. The cumulative immobility time was recorded during the 4-min interval in the forced swimming test ( FST) or during the 5-min interval in the tail suspension test (TST).The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was used to investigate the effect of PEA on the mouse anxiety-like behaviors , and the water maze method was used to investigate the learning and memory abi-lities, spatial orientation and cognitive function of mice .After the behavior tests , the serum was collected and the hippo-campus was removed . The serum contents of adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , cortisol ( CORT ) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the hippocampus were detected by ELISA .The changes of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) ac-tivity in the hippocampal homogenate was measured by spectrophotometry .RESULTS:Compared with model group , in the FST or TST, the immobility time in the mice treated with PEA at 2.5~10 mg/kg and fluoxetine was significantly reduced . In the OFT, the total locomotion distance and total movement time were increased significantly in the mice , but only 10 mg/kg PEA and fluoxetine increased the numbers of rearing .In the EPM test , the percentage of the time spent in open arms, the entries into open arms and the total locomotion distance in 4 arms in the mice were significantly increased .In wa-ter maze test , PEA at 5 and 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine significantly shortened the latency to find the security zone in the mice, and PEA at 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine obviously shorten the swimming distance .Compared with model group , PEA at 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine reduced the mouse serum levels of ACTH and CORT , and the adrenal index , increased the 5-HT content and decreased the AChE activity in the hippocampus .CONCLUSION:PEA produces antagonistic effects on an-xiety-and depression-like behaviors in the mice induced by restraint stress .Its specific mechanism may be related to the re-gulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function by increasing the 5-HT level in hippocampus , thus participating in the regulation of central cholinergic system .

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic significance of non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (NCE-MRA) for lower extremity arterial stenosis on a 3.0T MR scanner, in order to provide a reliable method for clinical application. Materials and Methods Thirty patients with arterial disease in lower extremity underwent NCE-MRA before contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). Image quality of the two methods was compared. The diagnostic accuracy for significant stenosis ( ≥50%) of NCE-MRA was assessed using CE-MRA as a golden standard. The consistency of the two methods in diagnosis of significant stenosis ( ≥ 50%) was analyzed. Results All patients successfully underwent both NCE-MRA and CE-MRA examination. There were 532 arterial segments detected by NCE-MRA. In the calf region, venous artifacts presented more frequently on CE-MRA (Z=4.92, P<0.01), while in the abdominal and the femoral regions, venous artifacts presented more frequently on NCE-MRA (Z=4.58 and 3.56, P<0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of NCE-MRA for the diagnosis of significant stenosis ( ≥ 50%) were 97.89%, 97.69%, 97.74%, 93.92% and 99.22%, respectively. There was good agreement (Kappa=0.94, P<0.05) between the two methods. Conclusion For the imaging of lower extremity arterial stenosis, NCE-MRA shows similar image quality and diagnostic accuracy with CE-MRA, thus can be used as an alternative method for lower extremity arterial stenosis in patients who have renal insufficiency or other contraindication of contrast media.

Objective To evalute the accuracy of stroke volume variation (SVV) in monitoring blood volume in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.Methods Twenty-one ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of both sexes aged 44-77 yr undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in this study.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,etomidate,fentanyl,rocuronium and dolicaine and maintained with target-controlled infusion of propofol,infusion of remifentanil,intermittent iv injetion of atracurium and inhalation of sevoflurane.The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 8 ml/kg,RR 12 bpm,I:E 1:2,PEEP 0,FiO2 80％ ).PEr CO2 was maintained at 35-44 mm Hg.Radial artery was cannulated and connected to FloTrac pressure transducer and Vigileo monitor.6％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 sodium chloride solution 7 ml/kg was infused at a rate of 0.25 ml· kg- 1 1· min- 1 at 5 min of haemodynamics stabilization after pericardiotomy (T1).HR,MAP,CVP,systemic vascular resistance (SVR),systemic vascular nesistance index (SVRI),SVV,stroke volume index (SVI)and CI were recorded at T1 and at 10 min after loading dose (T2).The change rate of HR(△HR),MAP(△MAP),CVP(△CVP),SVR(△SVR),SVV(△SVV),SVI(△SVI) and CI(△CI) were calculated.△SVI≥25％ was considered effective volume expansion.The ROC curves for HR,MAP,CVP,SVR and SVV in determining the volume expansion efficacy were plotted.The area under the curves and 95 ％ confidence interval were calculated.Results Compared with T1,CVP,SVI,CO and CI were significantly increased,SVRI and SVV decreased at T2 (P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference in MAP and HR between T1 and T2(P ＞0.05).△SVI was negatively correlated with △HR and △SVR ( r =- 0.737,r =- 0.480,P ＜ 0.05).△SVI was not correlated with △CVP,△MAP and( P ＞ 0.05).The change in SVI was determined by SVV 8.8％ (sensitivity =52.6％,specificity =100.0％ ).The area under the curve for SVV and 95％ confidence interval were 0.579(0.346-0.812).Conclusion SVV can not be used to accuratelymonitor the changes in blood volume in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Network pharmacology is an emerging discipline based on the Disease-Gene-Drug multilevel network. And it has been used to forecast the drug targets and improve the efficiency of drug discovery. Its research ideas are similar to the overall efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which attracts more and more medical re-searchers to look for the joint point of TCM and network pharmacology. A series of approaches on disease-related genes, predicting the information of target and active ingredients of TCM emerge. In this paper, the network pharma-cology research tools, databases and their applications were summarized and introduced. This paper also proposed scientific strategies to separate active ingredients of TCM using network pharmacology, so as to improve the efficiency and speed of finding active ingredients of TCM.