Objective To evaluate the accuracy of spectral entropy including response entropy(RE)and state entropy(SE)as a new electroencephalographic measure of depth of sedation during general anesthesia.Methods Twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 20-55 yr undergoing elective abdominal surgery were studied.Anesthesia Was induced with intravenous propofol,fentanyl and vecuronium.After tracheal intubation anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane inhalation and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium.BP,HR,SpO2,spectral entropy(Datex-Ohmeda)and BIS(Aspect Medical)were monitored during anesthesia.Loss of eyelash reflex and unresponsiveness to verbal stimulus and mild prodding and shaking were considered to be signs of loss of consciousness(LOC).The time of regaining consciousness Was defined as the time when patients started responding to verbal commands.RE,SE and BIS were recorded before anesthesia(baseline),10 min before LOC,immediately after LOC,immediately after tracbeal intubation,1 h after skin incision,10 min before regaining consciousness immediately after consciousness was regained and 10 min after extubation.Results There were sisnificant changes in RE,SE and BIS during the transition from consciousness to LOC.The RE,SE and BIS values for LOC were 76,73 and 68 with sensitivity of 94%,95%and 92%and specificity of 92%,94%and 91%respectively.The accuracy of RE.SE and BIS in predicting LOC was 93%,95%and 94%respectively.The RE,SE and BIS values for regaining consciousness were 82,75 and 70 with sensitivity of 95%,95%and 91%and specificity of 93%,96%and 93%respectively.The accuracy in predicting regaining of consciousness was 98%,96%and 97%respectively.Conclusion Entropy index Can accurately monitor level of sedation during general anesthesia.

0.05).Furthermore,logistic regressive equations of prediction probability and RE,SE,BIS were calculated as ln [Pk/(1-Pk)]=-19.825+0.243x,ln [Pk/(1-Pk)]=-18.012+0.236x and ln [Pk/(1-Pk)]=-21.780+0.316x,respectively.From the perspective of sensitivity/specificity,RE,SE and BIS had threshold values for regaining consciousness of 83,76 and 71 with sensitivity/specificity of 0.90/0.85,0.89/0.80 and 0.88/0.78,respectively.RE was 30s earlier than BIS in predicting regaining consciousness.Conclusion Compared with BIS,entropy index seems to be a more accurate and sensitive electroencephalographic measure,and is promising in clinical application.

0.05),while the entropy index showed significant differences between the two groups(P

Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Kidney Calculi ; chemically induced ; diagnosis ; Male ; Triazines ; toxicity

Background Sphingosine-l-phospate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid and important messenger molecule in cells.It participates in the regulation of many biological processes,such as cell proliferation,migration,survival,differentiation,apoptosis,etc.Hypoxia is a trigger factor of choriod neovascularization (CNV) and pathological basis of many diseases,and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are involved in formation of CNV.However,the effects of S1P on proliferation and apoptosis of RPE cells are below understood.Objective This study was to investigate the influence of S1P on proliferation and apoptosis of human RPE cells under hypoxic conditions.Methods Human RPE cells line-D407 cells were cultured and passaged and generation 3-5 cells were used and divided into 6 groups.The cells were regularly cultured in the blank control group using DMEM containing 10％ fetal bovine serum.CoCl2(200.00 μmol/L) was added into the colture medium for 2 hours in the hypooxic group.S1P of different concentrations (0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L) were added in culture medium 2 hours after the affection of 200.00 μmol/L CoCl2.The proliferative values of the cells were detected using WST-1 method as the absorbance (A value) and the proliferative rate of different groups were calculated.The apoptosis of the cells was assayed by Hoechst staining.The results were compared among different groups.Results Cultured cells showed the round-like in shape with clear nuclei and pigment.The proliferative values (A value) was 0.91 ±0.08,0.37±0.09,0.46±0.08,0.52±0.09,0.61 ±0.06,0.70±0.10 in the blank control group,hypoxic group and 0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L S1P groups,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F=21.104,P=0.000),and A values in various S1P groups were higher than those in the hypoxiac group (all at P＜0.05).The proliferative rate was gradually raised with the increase of dose of S1P.Hoechst staining exhibited a few apoptosis cells in the blank control group,but in the hypoxic group,a lots of apoptosis cells were seen with the light-blue nuclei and condensable chromatin.However,the number of apoptosis cells was significantly decreased in various concentrations of S 1 P groups.The apoptosis rates were (1.21 ±0.08) ％,(8.99 ±0.09) ％,(6.60 ±0.08) ％,(5.95 ±0.09) ％,(4.81 ± 0.06)％ and (3.96±0.10)％ in the blank control group,hypoxic group and the 0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L S1P groups,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F =25.070,P =0.000).Compared with the hypoxia group,the cellular apoptosis rates of various S1P groups were lower (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions Under the hypoxia condition,S1P can promote the proliferation of human RPE cells and inhibit apoptosis.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck Muscles ; physiopathology ; Trigger Points ; physiopathology ; Vertigo ; physiopathology ; therapy

Adolescent ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

Biomarkers ; Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/genetics* ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Sjogren's Syndrome/genetics*