Peanuts, corn and other food products are prone to aflatoxins (AF). AF was listed as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), as it is considered the most prevalent and toxic. China is a big peanut producer, so carrying out pollution investigation and risk assessment in peanuts and their products is crucial to formulate prevention measures, protect export trade and maintain health. This paper summarizes the AF pollution of peanuts and their products in the Huang-Huai-Hai Basin, Yangtze River Basin, Southeast Coast and Northeast region of China from 2015 to 2021, and the application of dietary AF exposure risk assessment methods, providing a basis for strengthening the supervision of AF pollution in peanuts and their products, and ensuring food safety.

·Corneal neovascularization ( CNV) is one of the most important causes that affecting corneal transparency, and it is a high risk factor of allogeneic corneal graft rejection. lt has become a research focus for the regulation of CNV. microRNAs are a class of endogenous non-protein-coding micromolecule RNAs which play a critical role in regulating a series of life process.Researches in recent years show a close correlation between microRNA and CNV.ln this article we reviewed the recent advances in these researches.

Objective To analyze the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgical procedures.Methods We retrospectively analyzed all gastrointestinal surgical patients nearly 2 years who were in the first affiliated hospital of Kunming Medical University and the first people's hospital of Yunnan province.Results The incidence of AKI was 2.1%.Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis indicated that: age>65 years, emergency operation and serious infection were significantly related with the incidence of AKI.Conclusion AKI is a common complication after gastrointestinal surgical procedures.This study showed that age>65 years, emergency operation, serious infection were risk factors most likely associated with postoperative AKI development.

Objective To investigate the protective immunity in mice immunized with recombinantBifidobacteria bifidum(Bb)-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) and challenged with Eg protoscoleces.Methods Fifty-six female BALB/c mice 12-14 weeks old and weighed 20-25 g were vaccinated with the recombinant Bb-Eg95 vaccine subcutaneously,intramuscularly,intranasally and orally,respectively,with blank vector,Bb and medium of solution(MRS) as control,8 mice in each group.Mice were challenged with Eg protoscoleces on week 8 after immunization and killed on week 25 after infection.The weight of hydatid cyst was measured and the decreased larva rate was calculated.Sera were collected to determine the levels of IgE,IgG and its subclasses by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Splenocytes were collected and cultivated to test the proliferation of splenocytes using methyltetrazolium (MTT) assay under EgAg and concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation.The results were compared with analysis of variance and the comparison between two groups was performed with LSD-t test.Results There was significant difference in the weight of hydatid cyst between groups (F =11.062,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with MRS control group[(0.075 ± 0.019)g],the hydatid cyst weight decreased in subcutaneous group [(0.050 ± 0.013)g],intramuscular group[(0.050 ± 0.019)g],intranasal group[(0.028 ± 0.016)g] and oral group [(0.031 ± 0.018)g,all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with subcutaneous and intramuscular groups,the hydatid cyst weight decreased in intranasal and oral groups(all P ＜ 0.05).The decreased larva rate was inversely proportional to the weight of hydatid cyst.There was significant difference in the levels(obsorbancy,A) of IgG,IgG2a,IgG2b,IgG1,IgG3 and IgE between these groups(F =21.774,36.977,27.071,14.746,10.131,9.444,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with MRS control group (0.015 ± 0.002,0.002 ± 0.001,0.003 ± 0.001),the levels of IgG,IgG2a and IgG2b increased in subcutaneous group(0.022 ± 0.004,0.007 ± 0.002,0.008 ± 0.002),intramuscular group (0.023 ± 0.003,0.008 ± 0.002,0.007 ± 0.002),intranasal group(0.032 ± 0.007,0.012 ± 0.002,0.013 ± 0.004)and oral group(0.028 ± 0.006,0.010 ± 0.003,0.010 ± 0.002,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with subcutaneous and intramuscular groups,the levels of IgG,IgG2a and IgG2b increased in intranasal and oral groups(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Compared with MRS control group(0.009 ± 0.001,0.009 ± 0.002,0.009 ± 0.001),the levels of IgG1,IgG3 and IgE decreased in subcutaneous group(0.022 ± 0.004,0.007 ± 0.002,0.008 0.002),intramuscular group(0.004 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.002),intranasal group(0.005 ± 0.002,0.005 ± 0.003,0.005 ± 0.002)and oral group(0.005 ± 0.001,0.004 ± 0.002,0.004 ± 0.003,all P ＜ 0.01).There was significant difference in the proliferation of splenocytes in the supernatant of cultured splenocyte,of cultured splenocyte + EgAg and of cultured splenocyte + ConA(F =63.975,359.833,167.399,P ＜ 0.01).There was significant difference in the proliferation of splenocytes inside groups(F =6741.955,4953.667,869.320,201.235,175.413,139.653,169.994,all P ＜0.01).Compared with the cultured splenocyte the proliferation of splenocytes increased in the cultured splenocyte +EgAg and splenocyte + ConA (all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the cultured splenocyte + EgAg,the proliferation of splenocytes increased in the cultured splenocyte + ConA(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion An effective and protective immunity is induced by the recombinant Bb-Eg95 vaccine of Eg in mice.

Objective:To determine the equilibrium solubility and the apparent oil/water partition coefficient of nebivolol hydrochloride to provide experimental basis for the development of new preparations.Methods:The concentration of nebivolol hydrochloride was determined by an HPLC method,and a saturated solution method and a shake-flask method were respectively applied to determine the equilibrium solubility and the apparent oil/water partition coefficient of nebivolol hydrochloride in water,0.1 mol·L-1 HCl solution and phosphate buffer solution with different pH values(pH2.0,pH6.8,pH7.4 and pH8.0).Results:At (37±0.5)℃,the equilibrium solubility of nebivolol hydrochloride in water and in 0.1 mol·L-1 HCl solution was 722.53 μg·ml-1and 56.07μg·ml-1,respectively.The apparent oil/water partition coefficient (Log P) of nebivolol hydrochloride was 1.17 and 1.32,respectively.Within the pH range of 2.0-7.4,with the increase of pH value, the equilibrium solubility and the Log P decreased and increased,respectively,while pH value increased from 7.4 to 8.0,the equilibrium solubility of nebivolol hydrochloride increased and Log P decreased.Conclusion:The method is accurate and reliable.Nebivolol hydrochloride has poor water solubility,and the equilibrium solubility and the Log P are both influenced by pH values.

Aim To investigate the toxicity of isopsor-alen in HepG2 cells and its effects on bile acid, bile acid synthesis and transport. Methods Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay and bile acid was deter-mined inside HepG2 cells, with exposure to various isopsoralen for 24h. The mRNA transcription of BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, NTCP, OATP2, OSTα, CYP7A1, CYP27 A1 , FXR and PXR were assessed by real-time PCR. Results The cell viability was decreased dose-dependently with isopsoralen in HepG2 cells, and IC50 was 118. 1μmol·L-1 exposure to isopsoralen for 24h. Bile acid inside cells significantly increased with 100 and 400 μmol · L-1 isopsoralen. Isopsoralen caused the down-regulation of MRP2 , MRP3 , CYP7 A1 mRNA at 25 μmol · L-1 . Beside these, the up-regulation of OATP2,OSTα,CYP27A1,FXR,PXR with 100 μmol· L-1 isopsoralen, but there was no significant change of BSEP and NTCP. Conclusion The results show that isopsoralen induces bile acid accumulation and cytotox-icity which may be associated with the down-regulation of MRP2, MRP3 in HepG2 cells.

BACKGROUND:Fractures of the coronoid progress are common in patients with elbow dislocations, and often accompanied by elbow ligament and joint capsule laceration. The coronoid progress fracture often leads to elbow joint instability, if cannot get the correct therapy, wil result in repeatedly elbow instability, dislocation, and cause long-term irreversible damage to the elbow. OBJECTIVE:To review the literatures about coronoid fractures and relative anatomic and biomechanical studies. METHODS:An electronic search of the Web of Science database was conducted for clinical and experimental researches about coronoid fractures and relative anatomic and biomechanics published from January 1990 to March 2013, the key words were“coronoid process of the ulna, coronoid fracture, treatment method, research progress”. The articles published earlier and repetitive researches were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Coronoid process is an important primary stabilizer of elbow joint, The coronoid process combined with the soft tissues of ligaments, joint capsule and muscles that attached on the coronoid plays an important role in maintaining the elbow axial, varus, valgus and rotation stability. The selection of the treatment strategies for coronoid process fracture depends on the fracture type, degree of fracture fragments crush and injury of medial and lateral col ateral ligament and the anterior capsule. Uncomminuted large fractures can be treated with open reduction and internal fixation;comminuted fractures can be treated with reduction and internal fixation by the largest fracture fragments, autograft reconstruction or artificial coronoid process replacement;the repair of smal coronoid process fracture depends on the circumstances;if the elbow gets enough stability after repair of soft tissue injury, it cannot be addressed, if not, the elbow should be repaired with sutures or anchors. Earlier motion after operation is important to get better function, and the hinged external fixator can be used if necessary.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional studies were conducted to examine the relationship between NAFLD and the severity of CAD. CAD was diagnosed by coronary angiography and NAFLD by type-B ultrasound.ResultsThe logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension, NAFLD, diabetes, smoking, and high level of γ-glutamyltransferase were risk factors of multiplevessel lesions and occlusion of CAD( P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ) , and high levels of total cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase were risk factors of multiple-vessel lesions ( P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01 ) , family history was a risk factor of occlusion of CAD, whereas, high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was an important protective factor of multiple-vessel lesions and occlusion of CAD ( P＜0. 01 ). NAFLD was a dependent risk factor of multiple-vessel lesions and occlusion of CAD( P＜0.05 or P＜0. 01 ). ConclusionsNAFLD could be regarded as a main risk factor of the severity of CAD. Clinicians should pay more attention to the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in order to improve the outcome of CAD.

Objective To compare the effects of phenylephrine and norepinephrine in patients with restrictive transfusion.Methods 65 patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer were selected.According to the random number table method,the patients were randomly divided into 32 cases of observation group (phenylephrine composite restriction infusion) and 33 cases of control group(norepinephrine combined restrictive transfusion).The operation and hemodynamics of the two groups at different time points were compared.At T0,T1,T2,the central venous blood and arterial blood were collected,the central venous blood saturation (ScvO2),arterial blood lactate (Lac),central venous oxygen partial pressure (PcvO2),PaO2,Hb concentrations,venous oxygen content (CcvO2),arterial oxygen content(CaO2),arteriovenous oxygen content difference (Ca-cvO2) and oxygen uptake rate (ERO2) were compared between the two groups.Results The ASA levels (Ⅰ / Ⅱ grade) of the observation group and the control group were 11 cases/21 cases and 13 cases/20 cases,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(x2 =5.298,P =0.052).The BMI of the observation group and the control group were (20.61 ± 1.65) kg/m2,(21.57 ± 1.42) kg/m2,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (t =0.652,P =1.980).The fluid replacement of the observation group and the control group were (1 162 ± 113) mL,(1171 ± 104) mL,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (t =1.734,P =0.065).The blood loss of the observation group and the control group were (276 ± 41) mL,(294 ± 42) mL,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (t =0.083,P =1.023).The urine volume of the observation group and the control group were (524 ± 113) mL,(532 ± 109) mL,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(t =1.834,P =0.053).The operation time of the observation group and the control group were (192 ± 24) min,(197 ± 21) min,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(t =1.367,P =0.073).The MAP at T1-T2 of the two groups increased,the CVP of the two groups was significantly higher at T1,the HR of the two groups was significantly higher at T2.The MAP,CVP,HR between the two groups had no significant differences (all P ＞ 0.05).The levels of ScvO2,PcvO2 and PaO2 at T1 were significantly higher than those at T0,on the contrary,the levels of ScvO2,PcvO2 and PaO2 at T2 were significantly lower than those at T0,and the Hb in the observation group was significantly lower at T1-T2,the Hb in the control group was significantly lower at T,-T2,which in the observation group was lower than the control group,the differences were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in Lac between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).There were statistically significant differences in CcvO2,CaO2,Ca-cvO2 and ERO2 between the two groups at different time points (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Phenylephrine is more effective than norepinephrine in limiting infusion in elderly patients,and it has more obvious effects on tissue oxygen metabolism.

Objective To conduct a meta-analysis to explore the merits and disadvantage of total endoscopic thyroidectomy and conventional open thyriodectomy.Methods A database searching was performed on the Chinese BioMedical Literature on disc(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),wanfang database,VIP database and PubMed database.Prospective randomized controlled studies about total endoscopic thyroidectomy and conventional open thyroidectomy were selected and analyzed.RevMan 5.2 was used for statistical analysis.Results Eleven studies matched the selection criteria,which involved 1082 patients,among whom 505 patients underwent total endoscopic thyrodiectomy (endoscopy group) and 577 patients underwent conventional open thyroidectomy (open group).Outcomes of total endoscopy group and open group in satisfaction,operation time,drainage fluid,complications and post-operative hospital stay etc were compared.Meta analysis showed endoscopy group were supeior to open group in terms of intraoperative blood loss (WMD＝-17.86,95％ CI:[-26.18,-9.54]),postoperative hospital stay (WMD＝-0.95,95％ CI:[-1.40,-0.50])and patients' satisfaction (WMD＝4.03,95％ CI:[1.20,13.58])while the operation time was longer in endoscopy group than in open group (WMD＝12.61,95％ CI:[2.85,22.38]).There was no statistical significance on postoperative drainage(WMD＝ -0.70,95％ CI:[-32.79,31.39]) or complications (RR＝0.84,95％ CI:[0.54,1.29])for the two groups.Conclusions Total endoscopic thyriodectomy has advantages in terms of satisfaction,post-operative hospital stay,and intraopetative blood loss while it takes more operation time.There is no difference among drainage fluid or complication.