No abstract available.
Benzodiazepines*

Basing on common chemical reactions, thin layer chromato graphy, absouptive ultraviolet spectrum some parameters were determined for preparation containing benzodiazepine in HCM City. The efficiency of extraction of benzodiazepan in 6 self made sample: Rhino sweet drink, coca-cola, combined food, soya milk, 333 beer and urine. Results found 17 active substances of diazepine group in 131 specialities of commercial propriatary name in HCM City, where diazepam had accounted higher rate in narcotic intoxixation cases. In criminal cases involved in tranquillisant narcotics, the most common substance were diazepan, flunitrazepan, clonazepan, bromazepan, alprazolam, clorazepat, oxazepan and nor-diazepan
Benzodiazepines ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Chemistry

Clobazam is one of the benzodiazepine compounds consisting of different structure compared to previously marketed other benzodiazepines. In rescent days, the antiepileptic effects of this drug has been recognized and used in epileptic patients. To confirm the efficacy and side effects of clobazam, we review the records of the 60 patients who was medicated clobazam more than 9 months. These patients had complex partial seizure with unsatisfactory control despite of adequate drug dosage and duration. Among these patients, the improved one were 23 (38. 3%), and tolerant one were 25 with 5.6 month mean remission duration. Only the 7 of 60 patients complained the adverse symptoms and this were not serious enough to discontinue medication. In conclusion, clobazam is relatively safe and efficacious medication enough to try for patients with unsatisfactory seizure control.
Benzodiazepines ; Humans ; Seizures

Humans ; Benzodiazepines ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Prescriptions

Posthypoxic myoclonus is poorly controlled with current treatments. Based on clinical experience, valproate and benzodiazepines have been used to treat myoclonic seizures. Rarely, some antiepileptic drugs may exacerbate myoclonic seizures. Although lamotrigine is controversial for treatment in myoclonic seizures, we experience a case of posthypoxic myoclonus improved with lamotrigine add-on therapy.
Anticonvulsants ; Benzodiazepines ; Myoclonus* ; Seizures ; Valproic Acid

No abstract available.
Benzodiazepines* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Receptors, GABA-A*

In 54 cases with heterophoria, the effects of the tranquilizers were studied. The minimum doses of two kinds of tranquilizers i.e., phenothiazine derivative (chlorpromazine) and benzodiazepine derivative (oxazepam) were given for 3 days. The results were as follows: 1. In 18 cases (43%) of the 30 cases who complained asthenopia, the symptom was relieved to some extent. The improvement of the symptom occurred with decrease in the Jateral phoria in 13 cases, and with increase in fusional amplitude in 13 cases. 2, There were no changes in the lateral phoria in 31 cases (59%) at distance, but at near, in 27 cases (52%) there was decrease in the lateral phoria. The amount of the increment or decrement in prism diopters was somewhat larger at near than at distance, and also somewhat larger in cases, in which the initial lateral phoria before medication is high, than in the cases with low initial lateral phoria. 3, There were no changes in the fusional amplitude in 24 cases (46%) at distance, but at near, in 28 cases (55 %) there was the increase in fusional amplitude. The changes in the amount of the increment or decrement in the fusional al1}plitude were similar to that of the changes in the amount in lateral phoria. 4, There were no remarkable changes in vertical phorias. 5. In exophoria there were no remarkable differences between subjects given chlorpromazine and those gIven oxazepam.
Asthenopia ; Benzodiazepines ; Chlorpromazine ; Exotropia ; Oxazepam ; Strabismus

The imidazopyridine, zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug, is widely-prescribed for insomnia. It is regarded as a good alternative to benzodiazepine because of the reduced possibility for abuse and development of dependence. However, more recently, due to the reduced possibility for abuse and development of dependence, it is regarded as a good alternative to benzodiazepine. adverse effects of zolpidem have been recognized. The objective of this report is to provide information on the potential for occurrence of benzodiazepine-like withdrawal seizure in patients who chronically take zolpidem continually. We present and discuss a case of seizure after sudden interruption of the protracted use of an abusively high dose of zolpidem. Zolpidem may not be the ideal drug for long-term pharmacotherapeutic management of insomnia. Clinicians should administer zolpidem at a low-dose for a short period of time for prevention of drug abuse and dependence and the potential for occurrence of benzodiazepine-like withdrawal seizure.
Benzodiazepines ; Humans ; Seizures* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Substance-Related Disorders

BACKGROUND: Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) are associated with altered consciousness in 75% of patients. Major controversy about PLEDs is whether they are ictal or interictal phenomenon. Diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus is often guided by response to benzodiazepine. We conducted a study to evaluate quantitative differences of EEG activity with PLEDs according to their response to acute benzodiazepine trial. METHODS: Nineteen patients with altered consciousness (stupor or coma) for whom the electroencephalography (EEG) recording with acute benzodiazepine trial was undertaken within 24 hours of onset of altered consciousness were retrospectively enrolled. Morphology of PLEDs including amplitude, frequency, and variability of the frequency was analyzed. Quantitative analysis of EEGs includes spectral power, spectral coherence, and graph theory analysis. Results of the analyses were compared between patients whose PLEDs were abolished by benzodiazepine (BDZ-R group) and those whose PLEDs persisted (BDZ-NR group). RESULTS: Morphologic variables were not different between two groups. In BDZ-R group, alpha-1 activity was increased in both frontopolar areas. Beta activity was also increased in both frontal areas while delta activity was reduced. In BDZ-R group, alpha-1 and beta activities were more coherent between bilateral hemispheres in frontal, anterior temporal, and central areas. Coherence line topographic map also revealed more bilaterally symmetric pattern in BDZ-R group. Network characteristics revealed by graph theory analysis did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Greater higher frequency activity (alpha-1 and beta) and lesser lower frequency activity (delta) in frontal areas, and more coherent activity in higher frequency band between hemispheres were associated with benzodiazepine responsiveness.
Benzodiazepines* ; Consciousness ; Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography* ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Status Epilepticus ; Unconsciousness

PURPOSE: Radiotracers that bind to the central benzodiazepine receptor are useful for the investigation of various neurological and psychiatric diseases. [C-11]Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, is the most widely used radioligand for central benzodiazepine receptor imaging by PET. We synthesized 3-(2-[F- 18]fluoro)flumazenil, a new fluorine-18 (t1/2=110 min) labeled analogue of benzodiazepine receptor imaging agent, and evaluated in vivo for biodistribution in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) was synthesized by a modification of the reported method. Precursor of 3-(2-[F-18]fluoro)flumazenil, the tosylated flumazenil derivative was prepared by the tosylation of the ethyl ester by ditosylethane. [F-18] labeling of tosyl substitued flumazenil precursor was performed by adding F-18 ion at 85 degree C in the hot cell for 20 min. The reaction mixture was trapped by C18 cartridge, washed with 10% ethanol, and eluted by 40% ethanol. Bidistribution in mice was determined after intravenous injection. RESULTS: The total chemical yield of tosylated flumazenil derivative was ~40%. The efficiency of labeling 3-(2-[F-18]fluoro)flumazenil was 66% with a total synthesis time of 50 min. Brain uptakes of 3-(2-[F-18]fluoro)flumazenil at 10, 30, 60 min after injection, were 2.5+/-0.37, 2.2+/-0.26, 2.1+/-0.11 and blood activities were 3.7+/-0.43, 3.3+/-0.07, 3.3+/-0.09%ID/g, respectively. CONCLUSION: We synthesized a tosylated flumazenil derivative which was successfully labeled with no-carrier-added F-18 by nucleophilic substitution.
Animals ; Benzodiazepines* ; Brain ; Ethanol ; Flumazenil* ; Injections, Intravenous ; Mice ; Receptors, GABA-A*