Estrogen impacts neural development; meanwhile, it has a protective effect on the brain. Bisphenols, primarily bisphenol A (BPA), can exert estrogen-like or estrogen-interfering effects by binding with estrogen receptors. Extensive studies have suggested that neurobehavioral problems, such as anxiety and depression, can be caused by exposure to BPA during neural development. Increasing attention has been paid to the effects on learning and memory of BPA exposure at different developmental stages and in adulthood. Further research is required to elucidate whether BPA increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying mechanisms, as well as to assess whether BPA analogs, such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F, influence the nervous system.
Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism* ; Estrogens ; Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology* ; Nervous System/metabolism*

OBJECTIVETo determine the effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) on blastocyst development and implantation.

METHODSAccording to completely randomized grouping method, 90 pregnant mice were divided into 100, 300, and 600 mg/(kg·d)BPA groups and control group. BPA-treated pregnant mice were orally administered with BPA at concentrations of 100, 300 and 600 mg/(kg·d) from day 0.5 to day 3.5 of their pregnancy. Blastocyst implantation and development were studied.

RESULTSIn the 300 mg/(kg·d) BPA group, the number of implantation sites and implantation rate were significantly decreased. In the 600 mg/(kg·d) group, no implantation sites were observed among pregnant mice and BPA inhibited embryo implantation. Blastocyst development on day 4 was examined, and findings showed that the development rate and total numbers of blastocysts in BPA treatment groups had no significant difference from the control group. However, BPA at 300 and 600 mg/(kg·d) significantly reduced blastocyst hatching rate and dramatically increased the number of blastocyst apoptotic cells when compared with those in the control group.

CONCLUSIONBPA at a high concentration damages the blastocyst development before implantation and inhibits embryo implantation.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; pharmacology ; Blastocyst ; drug effects ; Embryo Implantation ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Phenols ; pharmacology ; Pregnancy

AIMTo assess the effect of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and bisphenol A (BPA) administered chronically by implanting a silicone tube throughout pregnancy and lactation on male pups' reproductive system in ICR mice.

METHODSFemale mice were implanted with a tube filled with 10 ng, 500 ng, 1 microg, or 10 microg of E(2), or 100 microg or 5 mg of BPA, before mating. The tube was kept in the mice throughout pregnancy and lactation, until the pups had weaned at 4 weeks of age. During the period, E(2) was released from the tube at 120 pg or 6, 12 or 120 ng/day, and BPA at 1.2 or 60 microg/day.

RESULTSMost of the mice given 1 microg and 10 microg of E(2) did not maintain their pregnancy. However, the other groups showed high rates of birth, more than 70%. At age of 4 weeks, the male pups were killed. Body weight and reproductive organ weights (testes, epididymides and accessory reproductive glands) in the treated groups did not differ from the control values, whereas the percentage of seminiferous tubules in the testis with mature spermatids was significantly lower in the groups given 10 ng and 500 ng of E(2) and 5 mg of BPA than that in the control.

CONCLUSIONChronic exposure to E(2) and BPA might disrupt spermatogenesis in male pups.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Birth Rate ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Genitalia, Male ; drug effects ; pathology ; Lactation ; Male ; Mice ; Phenols ; pharmacology ; Pregnancy ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of environmental estrogens (n-4-noniphenol, NP; bisphenol, BisA; and dibutylphthalate, DBP) on apoptosis induced by estrogen depletion in breast cancer T47D cells.

METHODSHuman T47D breast cancer cells were grown in DMEM medium containing 10% bovine serum. Four days before adding the test compounds, the cells were washed in phosphate-buffered saline, and the medium was substituted with a phenol red-free DMEM medium containing 5% dextral charcoal-stripped FBS. Respective test compound was added in fresh medium and the control cell received only the vehicle (ethanol). Apoptotic features in T47D cell were analyzed by light microscope that was commonly used to define apoptosis. DNA integrity of T47D cells was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Hypodiploid population was detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe typical characters of apoptosis in T47D cells were observed after estrogen deletion and then disappeared following exposure to T47D cells at 32 x 10(-7) mol/L Np and 32 x 10(-7) mol/L BisA respectively. Inhibition of apoptosis at 32 x 10(-6) mol/L DBP was not shown in our study.

CONCLUSIONN-4-noniphenol and Bisphenol A could inhibit apoptosis induced by estrogen deletion in breast cancer T47D cells. This result suggests that these environmental estrogens might involve in signal transduction connected with apoptosis.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Cell Line, Tumor ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Dibutyl Phthalate ; pharmacology ; Estrogens ; deficiency ; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Phenols ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo explore the protective effect of modified danshou decoction (MDD) on teratogenicity of bisphenol A intoxicated pregnant rats.

METHODSForty-four successfully mated rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, 10 in the blank group and 10 in the model group, 12 in the MDD group and 12 in the positive control group. Bisphenol A (BPA) at the dose of 600 mg/kg was given to rats by gastrogavage in the latter three groups from the 1st day of mating to the 20th day, while the soybean oil was given to rats by gastrogavage in the blank group. No intervention was given to rats in the model group, but the normal saline, MDD condensed decoction, and shoutai pill (STP) condensed decoction was respectively given to rats in the rest three groups during the experimental period. All rats were sacrificed by the 20th pregnancy day.

RESULTSCompared with the model group, the body weight of pregnant rats and fetal rats, body length and tail length of the fetal rats significantly increased in the MDD group (P < 0.05). But the effect of MDD was superior to that of STP (P < 0.05). Moreover, the teratogenic rate was significantly lowered in the MDD group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONMDD could promote the weight gaining of pregnant rats and fetal rats, improve the body length and tail length of fetal rats, and lower the teratogenic rate in fetal mice.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; toxicity ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Phenols ; toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproduction ; drug effects ; Teratogens ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VL-PAG) metabotropic glutamate receptors subtype 7 and 8 (mGluR 7/8) in descending modulation of cardiosomatic motor reflex (CMR) in rats.

METHODSAMN082 (agonist of mGluR 7) and DCPG (agonist of mGluR 8) were injected into the VL-PAG of a rat model of CMR to observe their effects in modulating CMR. The raphe magnus nucleus (NRM) or the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) was then damaged, and the changes in VL-PAG descending modulation were observed.

RESULTSSelective activation of mGluR 7 of the VL-PAG by AMN082 obviously facilitated capsaicin (CAP)-induced CMR (P<0.05), which was suppressed by DCPG-induced mGluR 8 activation (P<0.05). These facilitatory or inhibitory effects were completely reversed by group III mGluR antagonist MSOP. Damaging the NRM of VL-PAG main relay nucleus did not significantly affect the facilitatory effect produced by AMN082 microinjection (P>0.05), but partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of DCPG microinjection (P<0.05). Both the facilitatory effect of AMN082 and the inhibitory effect of DCPG were reduced obviously after bilateral Gi damage (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONVL-PAG mGluR 7 and mGluR 8 mediate biphasic regulation of CMR in rats probably through activation of different sub-nuclei and different neurons in the rostroventral medulla.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; pharmacology ; Benzoates ; pharmacology ; Glycine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata ; metabolism ; Periaqueductal Gray ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; agonists ; metabolism ; Reflex ; physiology

To guide the reasonable clinical application of modafinil (MOD), pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MOD in mice and the correlation between them were investigated. Male mice (Kunming strain) were given a single oral dose of MOD (120 mg x kg(-1)). The plasma concentration of MOD was measured by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with DAS 3.0 software. For another batch of male Kunming strain mice, their locomotor activities were recorded by an infrared ray passive sensor after a same oral dose of MOD, and the synchronization and correlation between the changes of MOD plasma concentration and the locomotor activity induced by MOD were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the plasma concentration-time curve of MOD was fitted to two-compartment open model with a first order absorption. The main pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2alpha, t1/2beta, t(max), C(max) and AUC(0-inifinity) were 0.42 h, 3.10 h, 1.00 h, 41.34 mg x L(-1) and 142.22 mg x L(-1) x h, respectively. MOD significantly increased locomotor activity and the effect lasted for about 4 h. The changes of MOD plasma concentration and the locomotor activity induced by MOD were synchronous. In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between the effect of MOD and its plasma concentration after administration of 120 mg x kg(-1) in mice.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Male ; Mice ; Motor Activity ; drug effects

According to the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of modafinil, a therapeutic drug of hypnolepsy, we designed and synthesized two series of compounds 2-[(diphenylmethane)sulfinyl] acetamides and 2-[(diphenylmethyl)thio] acetamides, and measured their biological activities. The target compounds (6a-6o) were synthesized beginning with diphenyl carbinol by substitution, oxidation, acylation and so on. Their structures were confirmed by ESI-MS, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The central stimulatory effects of the target compounds were determined by the independent activity assay on mice. Compounds 6c, 6f and 6n have considerable activities, while the central stimulative effect of 6h is slightly better than the positive control modafinil.
Acetamides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Biphenyl Compounds ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Methane ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Random Allocation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology

Sodium-glucose co-transporters are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine (SGLT-2) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT-1 and SGLT-2). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption and most of renal glucose (about 90%) is reabsorbed by SGLT-2 located in the proximal renal tubule. Selectively inhibiting activity of SGLT-2 is an innovative therapeutic strategy for treatment of type 2 diabetes by enhancing urinary glucose excretion from the body. Therefore SGLT-2 inhibitors are considered to be potential antidiabetic drugs with an unique mechanism. This review will highlight some recent advances and structure-activity relationships in the discovery and development of SGLT-2 inhibitors including O-glycoside, C-glycoside, C, O-spiro glycoside and non glycosides.
Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Glucosides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Molecular Structure ; Monosaccharides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 ; metabolism ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship

OBJECTIVETo observe the influence of different concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) on glucose metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression in rat Sertoli cells in vitro and investigate the mechanisms of BPA inducing male infertility.

METHODSUsing two-step enzyme digestion, we isolated Sertoli cells from male Wistar rats and constructed a primary Sertoli cell system, followed by immunohistochemical FasL staining. We randomly divided the Sertoli cells into a control group to be cultured in the serum-free minimal essential medium (MEM) plus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and three experimental groups to be treated with 100 nmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA, respectively, in the MEM plus DMSO. After 48 hours of treatment, we measured the proliferation of the cells by CCK-8 assay, determined the concentrations of metabolites by NMR spectroscopy, and detected the expression of LDH in the Sertoli cells by RT-PCR and Western blot.

RESULTSThe purity of the isolated Sertoli cells was (96.05 ± 1.28)% (n = 10). Compared with the control group, the 100 nmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA groups showed no remarkable changes in the proliferation of Sertoli cells ([98 ± 8]%, [96 ± 3]%, and [95 ± 3]%, P >0.05), but the 10 μmol/L and 1 mmol/L of BPA groups exhibited significantly decreased concentrations of intracellular glucose ([3.89 ± 0.07] vs [3.36 ± 0.24] and [3.04 ± 0.21] pmol/cell, P <0.05) and lactate ([0.43 ± 0.06] vs [0.29 ± 0.05] and [0.20 ± 0.03] pmol/cell, P <0.05). The expression of LDH mRNA was decreased with the increased concentration of BPA, while that of LDH protein reduced only in the 1 mmol/L BPA group (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONHigh-concentration BPA decreases the expression of LDH and alters glucose metabolism in Sertoli cells, and therefore may reduce the provision of lactate for germ cells and impair spermatogenesis.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Infertility, Male ; chemically induced ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Phenols ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sertoli Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects