Objective To explore the developmental toxicity of aluminum sulfate and its mechanism. Methods 8.5-day-old embryos of Kunming mice were explanted and cultured in a whole embryo culture system with Al 3+ concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 ?g/ml for 48 h. Each viable embryo was evaluated using Maele-Fabry scoring system, and visceral yolk sac diameter, crown-rump and head length, and embryo dry weight were measured, as well as GSH activity in embryonic tissue by using 5,5-dithion-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), and membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac cell by DPH fluorescence polarization technique. Results Al 2(SO 4)3 at Al 3+ concentration of 3 ?g/ml resulted in significant inhibition of development of embryos and differentiation of organs, and increasing prevalance rate of abnormal embryos including open neural tube, small head abnormality and deficit in flexion. At Al 3+ concentration of 6.0 ?g/ml, the activity of GSH and the membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac decreased significantly. In a certain degree, the dose-effect(response) relationship were observed in the above hazardous effects induced by Al 2(SO 4)3. Conclusion Al 2(SO 4)3 presented potential teratagenicity and embryotoxicity, which might be associated with the decreases of the membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac and the activity of GSH both induced by Al 2(SO 4)3.

Objective To explore the effects of chemical reaction of aluminum salt in water solution on developmental toxicity Methods Inhibiting actions on embryo growth and development,and organ morphogenetic differentiation in rats induced by newly prepared and 11 5 month stored aluminum sulfate solution were observed and compared using whole embryo culture method in rats Results Both of the two observed solutions showed a certain embryo toxicity and teratogenicity The toxicity of stored solution decreased significantly compared with that of newly prepared solution At the same concentration of aluminum,the total Brown's morphogenetic score reflecting the every index of embryo growth and development and organ morphogenetic differentiation,the incidence rates of terata and the number of dead embryos were significant lower in rats exposed to stored solution compared with those exposed to newly prepared solution,especially the morbidity of embryos Conclusion The complexation reaction between aluminum ions (Al 3+ ) and water molecules in stored aluminum sulfate solution resulted in the changes of existing state of Al 3+ and its decreasing developmental toxicity to rats

re To understand the developmental toxicity of aluminum and its mechanism. Methods The embryos of SD rats at the 9. 5th day after gestation were explanted and cultured in a whole-embryo culture system with exposure to AlCl3 at Al3+ concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ?g/ml for 48 hours. Using Brown's mor-phological scoring system, yolk sac diameter, crown-rump length, head length and embryonic dry weight were mea-sured. Results A certain dose-effect relationship (r= - 0.890? 0.973, P

Objective　To explore the effects of chemical reaction of aluminum salt in water solution on developmental toxicity.Methods　Inhibiting actions on embryo growth and development,and organ morphogenetic differentiation in rats induced by newly prepared and 11.5-month stored aluminum sulfate solution were observed and compared using whole embryo culture method in rats.Results　Both of the two observed solutions showed a certain embryo toxicity and teratogenicity.The toxicity of stored solution decreased significantly compared with that of newly prepared solution.At the same concentration of aluminum,the total Brown's morphogenetic score reflecting the every index of embryo growth and development and organ morphogenetic differentiation,the incidence rates of terata and the number of dead embryos were significant lower in rats exposed to stored solution compared with those exposed to newly prepared solution,especially the morbidity of embryos.Conclusion　The complexation reaction between aluminum ions (Al3+) and water molecules in stored aluminum sulfate solution resulted in the changes of existing state of Al3+ and its decreasing developmental toxicity to rats.

Objective To evaluate the applicative value of fiberoptic ductoscopy(FDS)in abnormal nipple discharge.Methods A total of 104 patients with nipple discharge were examined by fiberoptic ductoscopy(Germany Scholly Fiberoptic Gmbh 42.0500).The results were compared with postoperative pathological diagnosis.Results All the 104 cases were successfully diagnosed with FDS.The detectable rate for intraductal mass by ductoscopy is 94 %(49/52).The sensitivity and specificity of ductoscopy for mammary duct cancer is 50%(1/2)and 91%(43/47)respectively;the negative predictive value is 98%(43/44),positive predictive value is 20%(1/5),and accuracy is 90%(44/49).Five cases of papillomatosis were diagnosed by ductoscopy,in which 3 cases were consistent with postoperative pathological findings,therefore the diagnose accordance rate is 60%;the other 2 cases were proven to be multiple papilloma.Thirty-eight cases of papilloma were detected by ductoscopy and received lobectomy of bresat;55 cases of inflammatory duct disease did not receive any operation;and 3 cases(3%,3/104)were diagnosed papilloma by re-examination with ductoscopy due to persistent nipple discharge,and were confirmed after operation.Conclusions Fiberoptic ductoscopy is the first choice for examination of nipple discharge for its accuracy in finding pathogenic cause and locating lesion,and surgery can thereby be avoided for galactophoritis and mammarv duct ectasia patients.

Objective To evaluate the value of breast duct endoscopy and breast localization needle for the diagnosis and microinvasive treatment of intraductal lesions. Methods A total of 103 patients with nipple discharge without breast lumps were examined by breast duct endoscopy in our hospital. Of them, 63 cases of intraductal lesions were localized with breast localization needle and received arc incision of the areola of the breast and excision of the localized breast duct with 1-cm adjacent tissues, which were sent for intraoperative frozen. After the frozen pathological examination, the operation was ended for the patients with intraductal papilloma; simple mastectomy was performed on those with duct papillomatosis; and simple mastectomy combined with DIEP reconstruction was carried out for the patients with intraductal carcinoma. Results Frozen and postoperative pathological examinations showed single intraductal papilloma in 59 of the patients (59/63, 93.6%), duct papillomatosis in 2 (2/63, 3.2%) , and intraductal carcinoma in 2 (2/63, 3.2%). The 59 patients with single intraductal papilloma were reexamined in 3 months after the operation, none of them had nipple discharge or other symptoms. Conclusions Resection of intraductal lesions under the guidance of breast localization needle is less traumatic with good cosmetic outcomes. By using the method, high rates of complete resection and accuracy of pathological examination can be achieved.

Objective To study the safety and availability of extended resection,gland reconstruction and mammary gland lavage in treatment of mammary duct expansion.Methods 41 patients with duct expansion admitted from Mar.2012 to Jan.2015 were studied and they were randomly divided into two groups.15 patients in the control group received normal surgical treatment,and 26 patients in the observation group received extended resection,gland reconstruction and mammary gland lavage treatment.Results The operation time,intraoperatve blood loss,length of hospital stay and degree of satisfaction of the observation group were superior to those of the control group while the recurrence rate was lower than that of control group.The gland expanded resection reduced the recurrence rate,the shape of the breast was improved,and the continuous irrigation was the guarantee for the immediate formation of the gland.The three kinds of surgical procedures were organically combined and complement each other.Conclusion The surgical methord of extended resection,gland reconstruction and mammary gland lavage is worth of further exploring due to its advantages of easy to operate,good cosmetic effect and low recurrence rate.

Objective To explore the relationship between the four different molecular subtypes of locally advanced breast cancer(LABC) and the clinical effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy containing docetaxel and anthracyclines on breast cancer. Methods The record of 68 patients with LABC who were treated with the therapeutic scheme was reviewed. Breast cancer molecules were diagnosed by core needle biopsy through IHC and were divided into four subtypes. After 3 to 5 courses of treatment, the relationship of molecular subtype and clinical effects was analyzed. Results Univariate analysis showed that absence of estrogen receptor (ER) expression and size of tumor (≤5cm) were predictive factors for clinical complete response (cCR) (P<0.05).Over expression of HER-2 and molecular subtypes were predictive for pathologic complete response (pCR) (P<0.05). pCR rate of HER2+/ER- subtype in this therapeutic scheme was, higher than that of other subtypes and pCR rate of Luminal A subtype was the lowest. Multivariate analysis showed that molecular subtypes cant be the predictive factors for this therapeutic scheme (P>0.05) and only HER-2 (P<0.05) was the independent variable in predicting pCR for this therapeutic scheme. Conclusion Molecular subtypes can not independently predict pCR for neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen containing docetaxel and anthracyclines.

Objective To detect the expression of Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and human mammaglobin (hMAM) mRNA in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients dynamically and to evaluate its clinical significance.Methods The expression of CK19 and hMAM mRNA was evaluated by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcriptase pelymerase chain reaction in the peripheral blood of 40 breast cancer patients and 10 healthy volunteers.Results The expression of CK19 and hMAM in the peripheral blood of 40 breast cancer patients were higher than healthy donors.The positive expression rate of CK19 and hMAM was descending tendency during treatment.The different staging expression rate had no differences between before treatment and during treatment,but after treatment the expression rate had remarkably differences (CK19:P=0.044;hMAM:P=0.005).If the expression of CK19 and hMAM was continual positive,the rate of recurrence and metastasis would be higher (P＜0.001).Coneluslons Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR may detect the expression of CK19 and hMAM in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients,and it is a sensitive and specific technique.The resuits suggest a possible use of this approach for evaluating prognosis,monitoring recurrence.

OBJECTIVETo explore an ideal surgical method for nipple hypertrophy correction.

METHODSFrom July 2008 to June 2011, 44 nipple reductions were performed for 22 women (44 sides) by using the modified Z-shaped incision technique. The incision consists of two circles, one quadrangle and one triangle located on the top, body and base of the nipple. The nipple's height was decreased and the nipple diameter and base area were reduced. Bilateral nipples were designed symmetrically.

RESULTS22 cases(44 sides) were treated with primary healing. The mean diameter of the nipple was reduced to (9.8 +/- 1.6) mm from (17.6 +/- 3.4) mm, the average height from (18.8 +/- 3.6) mm to (8.2 +/- 1.4) mm, with the patient supine. All the patients were followed up for 14 months to 4 years with satisfactory results. No nipple necrosis, infection and numb happened. 20 patients completed the self-designed survey scale 1 year after operation, of which 4 cases achieved normal lactation, and the remaining patients didn't have childbirth and breastfeeding yet.

CONCLUSIONSThe modified Z-shaped incision technique could reduce the height, diameter, and most importantly, reduce the basal shape of all types of hypertrophic nipple to create a desired new cylindrical nipple without affection of nipple sensation and function.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Mammaplasty ; methods ; Nipples ; pathology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult