This paper aims to establish a method for the determination of sulfur dioxide in sulfur fumigation Chinese herbs. Sample powder and hydrochloric acid solution were isolated by paraffin layer in order to avoid early reactions, with the generation of sulfur dioxide, headspace with airtight needle was used to transfer sulfur dioxide into gas chromatograph, and detected with thermal conductivity detector. The analytical performance was demonstrated by the analysis of 12 herbs, spiked at four concentration levels. In general, the recoveries ranging from 70% to 110%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) within 15%, were obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) was below 10 mg x kg(-1). Standard addition can be used for low recovery samples. The method is simple, less time-consuming, specific and sensitive. Methods comparison revealed that gas chromatography is better than traditional titration in terms of method operability, accuracy and specificity, showing good application value.

Objective:To summarize endoscopic management of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea and position-determining means.Method:Fifteen cases of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea treated by endoscopic approach at our institution were analyzed retrospectively.Aetiology included accidental trauma (10), surgical trauma (4), idiopathic (1). All patients presented with CSF rhinorrhea.Six cases were operated after failure of conservative treatment. Two cases after failure of neurosurgical repair were referred to our department. The largest defect was as big as 2.5 cm×1.5 cm. All patients were scanned by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by biochemistry test.Ten patients received high resolution spiral computed tomography bonding ventriculography.Result:We performed intranasal endoscopic repair in all 15 patients. All repairs were successful at the first attempt with a mean follow up of 20 months. One patient had light headache postoperatively and relieved with conservative treatment. All defects of skull base detected by computed tomography and ventriculography were confirmed in the operation.Conclusion:Intranasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea can be an effective method. High resolution spiral computed tomography scan combined with ventriculography is a precise position-determining means. With the advancement of instrument and operative skill,the scope of endoscopic repair will further extend.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize endoscopic management of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea and position-determining means. METHOD: Fifteen cases of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea treated by endoscopic approach at our institution were analyzed retrospectively. Aetiology included accidental trauma (10), surgical trauma (4), idiopathic (1). All patients presented with CSF rhinorrhea. Six cases were operated after failure of conservative treatment. Two cases after failure of neurosurgical repair were referred to our department. The largest defect was as big as 2.5 cm x 1.5 cm. All patients were scanned by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by biochemistry test. Ten patients received high resolution spiral computed tomography bonding ventriculography. RESULT: We performed intranasal endoscopic repair in all 15 patients. All repairs were successful at the first attempt with a mean follow up of 20 months. One patient had light headache postoperatively and relieved with conservative treatment. All defects of skull base detected by computed tomography and ventriculography were confirmed in the operation. CONCLUSION Intranasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea can be an effective method. High resolution spiral computed tomography scan combined with ventriculography is a precise position-determining means. With the advancement of instrument and operative skill, the scope of endoscopic repair will further extend.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nose ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by the excessive production of mucus. However, the molecular mechanism underlying mucin overproduction in CRS with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP, respectively) is poorly understood. This study was conducted to assess the importance of the transcription factor FoxA2 in mucin production and to investigate the targeting of FoxA2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for mucus hypersecretion in CRS patients. METHODS: We enrolled 15 CRSwNP patients, 15 CRSsNP patients, and 10 normal controls in this study. The expression levels of FoxA2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B in inflamed and healthy nasal tissues were examined via immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines in nasal secretions were measured via FlowCytomix analysis. In addition, the expression of MUC5AC and FoxA2 was determined in polyp-derived epithelial cells and NCI-H292 cells after in vitro stimulation. RESULTS: FoxA2 was significantly down-regulated, and MUC5AC and MUC5B were significantly up-regulated in both the CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients compared to the controls (P<0.05), and the protein level of FoxA2 was negatively associated with the IL-6 level in the CRS patients (P<0.05). IL-6 significantly increased MUC5AC expression but inhibited FoxA2 expression in vitro (P<0.05). Transfection with a FoxA2 expression plasmid significantly decreased MUC5AC promoter activity (P<0.05) and inhibited IL-6-induced MUC5AC production (P<0.05). In addition, clarithromycin significantly alleviated IL-6-induced FoxA2 suppression and decreased MUC5AC expression in vitro (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that FoxA2 may be considered a therapeutic target for the modulation of mucus hypersecretion in CRS patients.
Clarithromycin ; Cytokines ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interleukin-6 ; Mucins ; Mucus ; Nasal Polyps* ; Plasmids ; Transcription Factors* ; Transfection