Objective To investigate the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of viral diarrhea in Minhang District, Shanghai. Methods Random sampling on diarrhea was conducted in intestinal outpatient departments of 2 sentinel hospitals according to a certain sampling interval in Minhang District，Shanghai from 2014 to 2020. Real time PCR technology was used to detect Rotavirus, Norovirus, adenovirus, Astrovirus and Sapovirus in fecal samples. Results A total of 646 out of 1 839 stool specimenswere tested positive, and the positive rate was 35.13%.Five pathogenic viruses were detected , mostly norovirus (421 cases, 65.17%) followed by rotavirus (151 cases, 23.37%).The positive rate of norovirus was higher in the age group of 20- 69 years, and the positive rate of Rotavirus was higher in the age group of 0- 9 years. Conclusions Norovirus and rotavirus accounted for the majority of reported infection diarrhea cases in MinhangDistrict of Shanghai from 2014 to 2020, with significant seasonal peaks. Tailored prevention and control measures should be carried out, particularly in risk seasons.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) of normal youth with different test positions,to study the relationship between test positions and test parameters,and to explore the suitable test position for clinical practice.Methods Fifty healthy young volunteers (25 males,25 females,100 ears) were enrolled in this study.Two test positions were used,including sitting with the head turned away from the test (SIT) and supine with the head held straight up (SUP).The derivation rate,latency and amplitude were analyzed.Results The derivation rates of both SIT and SUP were 100％.The VEMP threshold in SIT was (93.5 ±4.3) dBnHL.The latency of P1 and N2 in SIT was longer than that in SUP,with significant different (P ＜ 0.05),the amplitude of P1-N2 in SIT was less than that in SUP,with significant different (P ＜ 0.05).Regarding to the latency of P1 and N2 in SIT,the left was longer that right,with (P =0.013) and (P =0.015) respectively.The latency in SUP between sides was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).The amplitude ratio and asymmetry in SIT were more obvious than in supine position (P =0.009 and 0.016).In SIT position the P1-N2 amplitude in males was larger than in females,with significant difference (P =0.031);In SUP position the P1-N2 amplitude in males was less than in females,with significant difference (P =0.043).Conclusion The cVEMP can be affected by the different test positions,it is recommended to select a more suitable test position according to the condition of the subject and the purpose of the test.