OBJECTIVE: Recent studies of mental health status in undergraduates are reviewed by literatures in mental health standard, measurement and influential factors. It is aimed to analyze the current status of mental health in undergraduates and provide references for related research of mental health, psychological counseling and psychological health in undergraduates. DATA SOURCES: The China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) and Wanfang database were undertaken to id entify related articles published from January 1995 to August 2005 with the key words of "psyche of undergraduate, mental health, health standard" in Chinese. References of retrieved articles were searched. Mental health related books were retrieved such as Health Psychology, Psychic Health Measurement and so on.STUDY SELECTION: The data were selected primarily, and related articles of mental health standard, measurement and influential factors were included. Studies unrelated to undergraduates were screened out, and fulltexts of the other literatures were looked up.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 40 articles of mental health standard,measurement and influential factors in undergraduates were selected, of which 17 articles accorded with topic and content were collected. There were 4 articles of mental health standard, 6 literatures (listing 6 types and 20 kinds of questionnaires and tests) of measurement and 7 literatures (6articles) of influential factors.DATA SYNTHESIS: Main content of mental health was intellective health, emotional health and spiritual health. ①No mental health standard was authorized and generally accepted in internal and external studies at present. The four signs of mental health designed by World Psychiatric Association (WPA) were praised and identified, which were harmony of body,intelligence and emotion; adaptation of the environment and modesty in each other; well-being; bringing ones ability into full play and living effective living. Mental health standard of Chinese undergraduates was composed of normal cognition, good emotion, perfect personality, coordinated interpersonal relation and appropriate self-consciousness. ②Present commonly used-mental health measurement for undergraduates was various, but there still was some disadvantage. Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and University Personality Inventory (UPI) were commonly used at abroad. Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was commonly used at home. ③Major factors influencing mental health of undergraduates were family, environment, age,sex, school, subject, religion and so on, and speciality had obvious effect on mental health of undergraduates.CONCLUSION: The importance of mental health of undergraduates is realized gradually by scholars, and more and more scholars at home and abroad study the mental health of undergraduates. How to design exact mental health standard and precise mental health measurement for undergraduates deserve further investigation. Meanwhile, it is necessary to deeply analyze the correlation between speciality and mental health of undergraduates.Fan BB, Zhang CH.Standard and evaluation of mental health in undergraduates.

The research of esophageal target is a difficult spot in the precise radiotherapy and the target mobility has an important effect for the radiotherapy of esophageal cancer.By different breathing control techniques,controlling the patient's respiratory may narrow target mobility so as to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy.But the present studies of the movement range of esophageal cancer with the respiratory control technologies have not come to a consistent standard.The area shape and position change of esophageal cancer target is a key problem that needs to be solved in the esophageal precise radiotherapy.

As a transcriptional repressor,Bmi-1 is a member of polyeomb group gene family.It may play an important role in self-renewal ability and proliferation of stem cell.At present,studies show that Bmi-1 is highly expressed in a variety of solid tumors,which can be regarded as one of the markers of cancer stem cells and has a close relation to the cancer development and progression and radiation resistance.It will provide an important target gene for the treatment of malignant tumors.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the cognition of medical staff for adverse drug reactions(ADR). METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted on the spot among the physicians,nurses and pharmacists with different profes-sional titles in our hospital to investigate their cognition about ADR concept,their judgment for ADR and ADR reporting,and the results were analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS:Totally 452 questionnaires were sent out,and 439 were effectively re-ceived,with effective rate of 97.12%. In terms of correct cognition rate about ADR basic concept and the main reasons,the sur-veyed pharmacists were higher than physicians and nurses,the senior professional titles of surveyed pharmacists were higher than the intermediate and junior,the pharmacists with senior professional titles were the highest and the junior were the lowest,the dif-ferences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of the proportion of certain for ADR judgment,the surveyed nurses were lower than pharmacists and physicians,the surveyed physicians with senior and intermediate professional titles were higher the ju-nior,the surveyed nurses with intermediate titles were higher than the junior,the surveyed pharmacists with senior professional ti-tles were higher than the intermediate and the junior,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of cognition about ADR reporting,the surveyed pharmacists were the highest and the nurses were the lowest,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05),while in terms of the proportion of knowing ADR reporting timing limit,reporting procedures and depart-ments,the surveyed pharmacists and physicians with junior professional titles were lower than the senior and intermediate,the dif-ferences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of reasons for missed ADR reporting,the proportion of consideration of the risk of causing medical disputes for doctors of the surveyed physicians was higher than pharmacists and nurses,while the sur-veyed nurses showed higher proportion for doing not understand reporting procedures,doing not reporting,thinking ADR reporting was dispensable and uncertain for ADR identification,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Medical staff with different professional titles and occupations have different cognition about ADR basic concept,judgment and re-porting,the pharmacist are relatively good,followed by the physician and nurse,especially the nurse,and the medical staff with junior professional titles are relatively poor. It is necessary to strengthen ADR education and training for them,play professional ad-vantages from the pharmacist and optimize ADR reporting procedures to improve the reporting rate and quality of ADR.

As the urgent need of both clinic and research,the identification of hypertonia subtypes is becoming more and more important. Hypertonia assessment tool is a standardized discriminative measure with good reliability and validity. Hypertonia assessment tool can identify paediatric hypertonia subtypes. For its easily learning,it can be easily generalized in clinician.

TiO2 coated hollow fiber ( HF) was prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The adsorption performances of the self-prepared TiO2 coated HF for interest metal ions were explored. The sample solution was extracted for 30 min at pH 8. 0 under stirring at speed of 700 r/min, then desorpted with 100μL of 1 mol/L HNO3 . On the basis of this, a method combining TiO2 coated HF micro-solid phase extraction with electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS ) was developed for the determination of trace metal ions in environmental water samples. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection obtained by the proposed method were 0. 039, 0 . 021 , 0 . 009 and 0 . 018 ng/mL for CrⅢ, CuⅡ, CdⅡ and PbⅡ with enrichment factors of 12 . 5 , 11 . 7 , 10. 3 and 18. 6, respectively. The preparation reproducibility of self-prepared TiO2 coated HF ranged from 4. 5% to 6. 8% (n=9) in one batch, and from 7. 7% to 9. 6% (n=7) in batch-to-batch. The developed method has been validated by analyzing a certified reference material ( GSBZ50009-88 200925 ) and also applied to the analysis of CrⅢ, CuⅡ, CdⅡ and PbⅡ in East Lake water and snow water successfully. Meanwhile, TiO2 coated HF stir bar was prepared for a comparison and it was demonstrated that TiO2 coated HF displayed higher extraction efficiency and adsorption capacity for target ions.

Objective To observe the surface electromyographic characteristics of the bilateral submen-tal muscles in dysphagia secondary to unilateral brainstem stroke. Methods A total of 25 subjects were recrui-ted. There were 8 stroke patients with dysphagia secondary to a left brainstem stroke and 7 stroke patients with dysphagia secondary to a right brainstem stroke. There were also 10 healthy controls matched in age and gender. The duration and peak amplitude of the submental muscle when swallowing 5 ml of warm water were recorded u-sing a surface electromyograph. Results The average amplitude of the left submental muscle in patients with a left brainstem stroke was significantly longer than that of those with a right brainstem stroke, but no significant differences in average duration were observed. Conversely, the amplitude of the right submental muscle in pa-tients with a right brainstem stroke was significantly longer than that of those with left brainstem stroke, but again there were no significant differences in duration. No significant differences were observed among the healthy con-trols. The amplitude and duration of both the affected and healthy sides of the patients were of course significantly longer or stronger than those of the healthy controls. Conclusion The swallowing function of the bilateral sub-mental muscles may be impaired among unilateral stroke survivors with dysphagia. The damage on the affected side is more severe than on the opposite side.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the resistance phenotype of acinetobacter baumannii and the expression of ade efflux pump gene. METHODS: Non-repetitive 51 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were collected in Peking Union Medical Hospital between Feb. 2004 and Feb. 2005. The active efflux system adeB structural gene and sequence were identified by PCR. RESULTS: The tested strains were not susceptible to common broad-spectrum antibiotics. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carried adeB active efflux pump gene. CONCLUSION: The multiple-drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii is independent of ?-lactamase. It maybe related to other drug resistance mechanism. The effect of active efflux system is possibly one of the major mechanisms of multidrug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii.

Objective To analyze the clinical,radiological and pathological features of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone and to im-prove the diagnostic level.Methods Totally 6 cases of PLB proved by pathology were collected in our study.The clinical,radiologi-cal and pathological findings were retrospectively analyzed,and combined with the relevant literature to have a comprehensive analy-sis.Results The lesions of 6 patients were solitary,located in femoral (1 case),distal femur (1 case),proximal tibia (2 cases),is-chium (1 case)and humerus (1 case).There was no periosteal reaction in all 6 cases but they all had soft tissue mass,sometimes there may have some mineralization within the tumor.Ill-defined osteolytic bone destruction was detected in 5 patients,while expan-sion of cystic bone destruction was found in the other 1 patients.3 cases had hardened edge,2 cases with adjacent bone cortical thickening.The MR imaging in 5 patients showed iso-intensity signal on T1 WI,a slightly inhomogeneously higher signal on T2 WI and a significant heterogeneously enhancement after injected of Gd-DTPA.Another 1 patient showed a double ring sign,the central area onT1 WI and T2 WI expressed heterogeneous slightly higher signal,the peripheral annular zone was iso-intensity on T1 WI and slightly higher on T2 WI,after injected contrast medium,it was inhomogeneous enhancement.In immunohistochemically,all tumors reacted positively with SMA,3 patients with Desmin and Vimentin positive,2 patients with Ki-67 positive,and there had some scat-tered cells with CD68 positive,but the S-100 were all negative.Conclusion The clinical,radiological and conventional histological manifestations of PLB are not specific.Immunohistochemical and/or ultrastructural analysis who displayed smooth muscle differenti-ation can confirm the diagnosis.

Objective To comprehensively study the oxidative stress of bone tissue in rats with chronic fluorosis treated with anti-oxidant,the oxidative damage of lipid,protein and DNA.Methods Forty Wistar rats weaned 2 weeks were randomized by weight and divided into 4 groups according to body weight,control group (treated with tap water) and 3 NaF (sodium fluoride) exposure groups (treated with NaF at 50,150 and 250 mg/L),5 female rats and 5 male rats in each group.NaF was given through drinking water.After 6 months of treatment,a 12-hour urine samples were collected,then rats were killed,serum was collected,right rear tibiofibula was separated.Bone and urinary fluoride content and incidence rate of dental fluorine were studied and the levels of bone tissue suppression function of hydroxy free radical,superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG),protein carbonyls (PCO),and malonaldehyde (MDA) were assayed.Results ① Results of suppression function of hydroxy free radical:The difference of bone tissue suppression function of hydroxy free radical among control [(22.99 ± 4.31)U/mg prot],low-excess dose [(22.76 ± 8.11)U/mg prot],medium-excess dose [(13.47 ± 4.56)U/mg prot] and high-excess dose [(19.40 ± 5.92)U/mg prot] groups was statistically significant (F =5.01,P ＜0.05).②Results of SOD:The difference of bone tissue SOD among control [(5.06 ± 1.16)U/mg prot],low-excess dose [(5.32 ± 1.18)U/mg prot],medium-excess dose [(3.71 ± 0.72)U/mg prot] and high-excess dose [(4.80 ± 1.10)U/mg prot] groups was statistically significant (F =4.44,P ＜0.05).③ Results of CAT:The difference of bone tissue CAT among control [(25.20 ± 5.91)U/mg prot],low-excess dose [(22.53 ± 7.10) U/mg prot],medium-excess dose [(17.96 ± 4.71)U/mg prot] and high-excess dose [(19.52 ± 5.52)U/ mg prot] groups was statistically significant (F =2.85,P ＜0.05).④Results of GSH-Px:The differences of bone tissue GSH-Px among control [(52.86 ± 12.88)U/mg prot],low-excess dose [(70.05 ± 15.72)U/mg prot],medium-excess dose [(51.55 ± 6.97)U/mg prot] and high-excess dose [(57.47 ± 10.99) U/mg prot] groups was statistically significant (F =4.89,P ＜0.05).⑤Results of PCO:The differences of bone tissue PCO among control [(58.73 ± 20.86)ng/L],low-excess dose [(89.41 ± 26.20)ng/L],medium-excess dose [(97.07 ± 22.24)ng/L] and highexcess dose [(83.96 ± 29.55)ng/L] groups was statistically significant (F =4.43,P ＜0.05).⑥Results of 8-OHdG:The differences of bone tissue 8-OHdG among control [(87.66 ± 6.32)ng/L],low-excess dose [(86.31± 6.30)ng/L],medium-excess dose [(92.17 ± 4.28)ng/L] and high-excess dose [(88.02 ± 6.14)ng/L] groups was not statistically significant (F =1.88,P ＞ 0.05).⑦Results of MDA:The differences of bone tissue MDA among control [(3.70 ± 1.73) nmol/mg prot],low-excess dose [(2.10 ± 0.95)nmol/mg prot],medium-excess dose [(3.32± 2.20)nmol/mg prot] and high-excess dose [(2.71 ± 2.18)nmol/mg prot] groups was not statistically significant (F =1.37,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The activity of SOD and CAT of bone tissue are inhibited and suppression function of hydroxy free radical is decreasing under fluorosis influence,which results in protein damage.Oxidative stress is considered to be one of the mechanisms of skeletal fluorosis.