Objective: To study the biotransformation of saikosaponin A in vitro and analyze its metabolites. Methods: Saikosaponin A was incubated in artificial gastric juice and intestinal contents of rats in anaerobic conditions, respectively, and the metabolites were analyzed and identified by HPLC-DAD-MSn. Results: By incubation of saikosaponin A in artificial gastric juice, saikosaponin b1 and g were detected in the reaction mixture. By the anaerobic incubation of saikosaponin A with intestinal flora, prosaikogenin F was soon detected, but it was further converted to saikogenin F. Conclusion: Saikosaponin A can be transformed to secondary glycosides and glycosides in artificial gastrointestinal environment. And the products can be identified by HPLC-DAD-MSn. The distribution and concentration of saikosaponin A in vivo can not reflect its fate fully, and the metabolites should be considered simutaneously.

Severe acute pancreatitis presents high rate of postoperative complications and results in higher mortality.The main postoperative complications include bleeding,digestive tract fistula,residual infection in the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum.Along with further deep understanding of the disease and the great changesof treatment,we have new insight for preventing and dealing with the postoperative complications.The damage control surgery combined with minimally invasive surgery concept and individual therapic mode make great effect for the management of postoperative complications.In this review,we focus on the therapies for postoperative complications of severe acute pancreatitis.

Nucleic acid aptamers are ligands with high specificity and affinity for their targets, which are screened from large oligonucleotide pools by the SELEX technology. Their characteristics are superior to antibodies in many aspects, which make them important in the research of recognition of molecules. They can be used to determine the levels and inhibit the bioactivity of their targets. There're broad application prospects for aptamers in the diagnosis and treatment of tumor.

Adult ; Choanal Atresia ; etiology ; therapy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Nasopharyngeal Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Palate ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; therapy ; Uvula ; surgery

Root canal therapy is the most efficient way to treat pulptitis and periapical inflammation, which can clear infections of root canal systems, fill the root canal firmly, and avoid reinfection. However, the variations in root canal morphology and complexity of infection confer difficulty in thoroughly eliminating microorganisms and their by-products in the root canal system, especially in the root apex area (including the top one-third of the root canal and periapical tissue), which is described as the hardest area to clean during endodontic treatment. Infection is difficult to remove entirely because the apex area is hard to approach using dental instruments and because of the existence of special morphological structures, such as apical ramification, intercanal anastomoses, and lateral branch of root canal. This review gives a brief introduction of the characteristics and difficulties of apical infection and knowledge on how to control such infections, including root apex preparation, irrigation and disinfection, and root canal filling.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Periapical Periodontitis ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Root Canal Obturation ; Root Canal Preparation ; Root Canal Therapy

Objective To investigate the expression and their clinical significance of P?- glycoprotein (P?- gp), glutathione?- S?- transferase?- ?(GST?- ?)and DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ(TopoⅡ)in breast cancer. Methods The expressions of P?- gp, GST?- ? and TopoⅡ were detected in 60 cases of untreated primary breast cancer by using immunohistochemical S?- P method. Results The positive expression rates of P?- gp, GST?- ? and TopoⅡ in breast cancer were 37.1 %, 66.7 % and 55.0 % respectively. The expression of P?- gp and TopoⅡ had positive correlation with degree of differentiation(P

Objective To evaluate protective ventilation(PV) versus conventional ventilation(CV) for surgery in the prone position.Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, WanFang Data and other Chinese databases to collect the randomized controlled trails (RCTs) on intraoperative PV in comparison with CV for surgery in the prone position.Two authors independently identified the studies, performed data extraction and assessed the risks of bias in the included studies according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.The reviewers conducted data analyses with RevMan software.Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 449 participants were included.The results showed that the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12~0.73, P<0.01) and peak pressure (MD-3.52, 95% CI-6.93~-0.11, P<0.05) were lower in the PV group.Intraoperative PaO2/FiO2 was higher (MD 37.28, 95% CI 22.67~51.89, P<0.001) and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was lower (MD-45.50, 95% CI-61.35~-29.65, P<0.001) in the PV group.Conclusions Low tidal volume ventilation in combination with positive end-expiratory pressure (with or without recruitment maneuver) decreases postoperative pulmonary complications,reduces peak pressure and improves oxygenation for surgery in the prone position.

To optimize the Scutellaria baicalensis extraction process, the filter paper method and the bacteriostatic ratio method were adopted to determine the in vitro bacteriostatic efficacy of water extracts and 60% alcohol extracts from S. baicalensis. The quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) was used to determined the contents of four active components, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin. In addition, with the bacteriostatic ratio and the overall desirability of the contents of four active components as indexes, the orthogonal experiment was adopted to detect the effect of water addition, extraction frequency and extraction time. The optimal extraction process was to add 12 times of water for the first time, 10 times of water for the second time, extract for 2 time, 2 h for each time. This optimization process is stable and feasible, with a higher bacteriostatic ratio in extracts.
Alcohols ; chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Scutellaria baicalensis ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the inhibitory effect of gefitineb on the proliferation and its inducing effect on the apoptosis of mouse I-10 Leydig testicular cancer cells in vitro.

METHODSWe treated I-10 Leydig testicular cancer cells of mice with gefitineb at 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µmol/L. Then we determined the inhibitory effect of gefitineb on the growth of the cells by MTT, detected their early and late apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double staining and Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining, respectively, and observed the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3/9 by Western blot.

RESULTSCompared with the blank control group, gefitineb significantly inhibited the proliferation of the I-10 cells at 10 and 20 µmol/L (P < 0.05). The survival rate of the cells was (32.4 ± 2.8)% (P < 0.01) and their early and late apoptosis rates were (26.7 ± 4.2)% and (59.33 ± 10.2)% in the 40 µmol/L group, significantly different from those in the control (P < 0.05 and P <0.01). In comparison with the blank control group, gefitineb at 10, 20, and 40 µmol/L increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax by (41.9 ± 7.1), (60.1 ± 9.8), and (69.0 ± 11.3)% (all P < 0.05), decreased that of apoptosis-inhibitory protein Bcl-2 by (50.3 ± 8.9), (63.9 ± 6.9), and (88.7 ± 13.9)% (all P < 0.05), and elevated that of the cleft proteins caspase-3 by (69.0 ± 6.9)% (P < 0.05), (71.5 ± 8.1)% (P < 0.05), and (110.9 ± 14.2)% (P < 0.01) and caspase-9 by (51.8 ± 4.9), (54.7 ± 6.7), and (43.8 ± 11.8)% (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONGefitineb can increase the cytotoxicity of I-10 Leydig testicular cancer cells of mice and induce their apoptosis via the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway.

Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; metabolism ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Caspase 9 ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; Leydig Cell Tumor ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Quinazolines ; pharmacology ; Testicular Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered major regulators of gene expression, which play a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of biological processes including antiviral defence. There is growing evidence that some viruses either encode their own viral miRNAs or subvert cellular miRNAs. The host-and virus-encoded miRNAs and their targets together thus form a novel regulatory layer of interactions between the host and the virus. A better understanding of host-virus interaction mediated by miRNAs would not only enable us to unravel the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis, but also enable us to develop better therapeutic strategies.