OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and nemonoxacin against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. To assesse the impact of gyrA and parC genes mutant on resistance for quinolones and the sequences of gyrA and parC genes for three quinolones. METHODS: The MICs of 50 S. aureus were detected by agar dilution method. The MIC and MPC against four S. aureus which were special gene mutations were detected by agar dilution method. Based on these results, bacterial recovery growth curve of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and nemonoxacin were traced. RESULTS: Nemonoxacin demonstrated activities 8- to 32- fold more potent(MICs at which 90% of isolates were inhibited, 0.5 μg·mL-1) than those of moxifloxacin(MIC90, 2 μg·mL-1) and levofloxacin (MIC90, 16 μg·mL-1) against 50 S. aureus.In condition of the same drug concentrations, the bacterial recovery growth ratios of nemonoxacin was the lowest, while levofloxacin's was the highest. RN450A3 recovery growth ratio was highest compared with other mutant bacterial strains, while RN450 recovery growth ratio was lowest. CONCLUSION: The antibacterial activities of nemonoxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against S. aureus in vitro are:nemonoxacin> moxifloxacin >levofloxacin. Compared with levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, nemonoxacin inhibits bacteria in a lower concentration, and nemonoxacin is utterly efficacious with different genes mutant strains.The target preference of levofloxacin may be the parC gene of topoisomerase IV, while moxifloxacin and nenomoxacin can almost act on the gyrA and parC gene at the same time.

Objective To evaluate the effect of duloxetine on the expression of Toll?like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Methods Type 2 di?abetes mellitus was induced by high?fat and high?sucrose diet and intraperitoneal streptozotocin ( STZ) 35 mg∕kg in male Sprague?Dawley rats, aged 2 months, weighing 180-220 g. Seventy?five rats with type 2 di?abetes mellitus were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=15 each ) using a random number table: group DNP, DNP + normal saline group (group DNP+NS), and DNP + duloxetine 5, 10 and 20 mg∕kg groups (DNP+D5, DNP+D10, DNP+D20 groups). Another normal 15 rats were selected and served as control group ( group C) . Duloxetine 5, 10 and 20 mg∕kg were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 14 consecu?tive days starting from 15 days after administration of STZ in DNP+D5 , DNP+D10 and DNP+D20 groups, respectively. The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group DNP+NS. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold ( MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency ( TWL) were measured on the day before STZ administration and 14, 17, 21 and 28 days after STZ administration. After the last measurement of pain threshold, the L4?6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of
TLR4 by immuno?histochemistry and Western blot. Results Compared with group C, the MWT was signif?icantly decreased, TWL was shortened, and the expression of TLR4 was up?regulated in DNP, DNP+D5, DNP+D10 and DNP+D20 groups (P<0?05). Compared with group DNP, the MWT was significantly in?creased, TWL was prolonged, and the expression of TLR4 was down?regulated in DNP+D5 , DNP+D10 and DNP+D2 0 groups ( P<0?05) , and no significant changes were found in the parameters mentioned above in group DNP+NS ( P>0?05) . Conclusion The mechanism by which duloxetine attenuates DNP is related to down?regulated expression of TLR4 in the spinal dorsal horn of rats.

Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; therapy

Aim To investigate the effects of metformin on phospho-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3(p-STAT3) expression in the spinal dorsal horn in rats with bone cancer pain(BCP).Methods Healthy female SD rats weighing 200~220 g were randomly divided into four groups(n=12 each): Sham+NS, Sham+Metformin, BCP+NS, BCP+Metformin groups.Normal saline or metformin(200 mg·kg-1) was given intraperitoneally once a day at 7~14 day after surgery in four groups.Mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) was measured on-1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14 day after BCP.The L4-6 segments of spinal cords were used to detect the expression of p-STAT3 by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining technique after the behavioral test was completed on day 14.Results Intraperitoneal injection of metformin reversed hyperalgesia and suppressed the expression of p-STAT3 in BCP rats.Conclusion Metformin can attenuate BCP by inhibiting the expression of p-STAT3 in the spinal dorsal horn.

Objective To evaluate the effects of midazolam pretreatment on inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in mice.Methods Thirty healthy male Kunming mice,weighing 18-22 g,were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group,and midazolam pretreatment group (M group).Intestinal I/R was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 20 min followed by reperfusion.In group M,midazolam 1 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally,and intestinal I/R was produced 30 min later.At 24 h of reperfusion,the mice were sacrificed,and intestinal tissues were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3.Intestinal damage was assessed and scored according to Chiu.Results Compared with group S,Chiu's scores were significantly increased,and the expression of IL-6,TNF-α and caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated in I/R and M groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,Chiu's scores were significantly decreased,and the expression of IL-6,TNF-α and caspase-3 was significantly down-regulated in group M (P＜0.05).Conclusion Midazolam pretreatment can reduce intestinal I/R injury,and the mechanism is related to inhibition of inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis in mice.

Objective To evaluate the role of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 signal transduction pathway at the supraspinal level in maintenance of neuropathic pain in mice.Methods Sixty-four Kunming mice,aged 2 months,weighing 18-20 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =16 each):sham operation group (group S),chronic constrictive injury (CCI) group; CCI + U0126 (MEK inhibitor) group; CCI + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group.Neuropathic pain was induced by CCI.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1mmintervals with 4-0 silk thread in CCI,CCI + U0126 and CCI +DMSO groups.On 5 days after CCI,5 μg U0126 (in 5 μl of 5％ DMSO) and 5％ DMSO 5 μl were injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle over 10 s in CCI + U0126 and CCI + DMSO groups,respectively,and the time of.needle retaining was 20 s.Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with yon Frey filament (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured before operation (baseline),before intracerebroventricular injection (T1),and at 30 min and 2,6,12 and 24h after intracerebroventricular injection (T2-6).Resuits Compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1-6 in CCI and CCI +DMSO groups,and at T1 in CCI + U0126 group (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change in MWT and TWL was found at T2-6 in group CCI + U0126 (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group CCI,MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T2-6 in group CCI + U0126 (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change in MWT and TWL was found in group CCI + DMSO (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion ERK1/2 signaling transduction pathway at the supraspinal level is involved in maintenance of neuropathic pain in mice.

This paper aims to establish a method for the determination of sulfur dioxide in sulfur fumigation Chinese herbs. Sample powder and hydrochloric acid solution were isolated by paraffin layer in order to avoid early reactions, with the generation of sulfur dioxide, headspace with airtight needle was used to transfer sulfur dioxide into gas chromatograph, and detected with thermal conductivity detector. The analytical performance was demonstrated by the analysis of 12 herbs, spiked at four concentration levels. In general, the recoveries ranging from 70% to 110%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) within 15%, were obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) was below 10 mg x kg(-1). Standard addition can be used for low recovery samples. The method is simple, less time-consuming, specific and sensitive. Methods comparison revealed that gas chromatography is better than traditional titration in terms of method operability, accuracy and specificity, showing good application value.
Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Fumigation ; Limit of Detection ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sulfur ; chemistry ; Sulfur Dioxide ; analysis

Objective To investigate effects of new nursing experimental teaching mode on professional ability of nursing students. Methods Traditional experimental teaching mode was used in control group (402 nursing students of 2006 grade) and experimental teaching model was used in experimental group (564 nursing students of 2007 grade). Questionnaires survey was conducted among clinical teachers to evaluate 8 abilities (service consciousness, knowledge application, practical abil-ity, communication ability. etc) of nursing students after 3 months' clinical practice. Satisfaction de-gree of experimental teaching and the first time employment rate of nursing students were recorded. All data were sorted out and analyzed by Epidata 3.1 and SPSS 13.0. Total score of students' profes-sional capacity was compared by independent t test. Score of the scale item was compared by rank sum test. Satisfaction rating for experimental teaching, passing rate of nurse practicing qualification examination and the first time employment rate were compared by chi-square test. All statistical tests were two-sided and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant different. Results Students' scores of communication ability, innovation capacity, capability to identify problems, practical ability, knowl-edge application, ability of organization and independent learning ability were 2.86±0.23, 2.86±0.17, 2.85±0.19, 2.84±0.24, 2.79±0.20, 2.78±0.19, 2.65±0.19 in experimental group, higher than those in control group. Satisfaction degree of experimental teaching and the first employment rate of students in experimental group were 94.5%(536/567) and 84.5%(479/567), higher than those in con-trol group with statistically significant differences(P<0.05). Conclusion New teaching mode of nurs-ing experiment can improve the professional ability of nursing students.

AIM To compare the diuretic effects of Descurainiae Semen (DS),Coicis Semen (CS) and Plantaginis Semen (PS),and to observe their mechanical similarities and differences.METHODS Metabolic cage method was applied to investigating the diuretic effects of DS (2.34 g/kg),CS (7.00 g/kg) and PS (3.50 g/kg),whose diuretic mechanisms were studied by cryoscopic method,enzyme method,ion selective electrode method,ELISA and Western blot.RESULTS DS,CS and PS obviously increased saline-loaded rats' urine volume (P ＜ 0.05) and reduced their body weight (P ＜ 0.05) after administration for 7 h,which exhibited no significant effects on urine creatinine (Ucr),serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)(P ＞ 0.05).DS showed its diuretic effect mainly by lowering the levels of serum Na +,atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),pulmonary AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;CS showed its diuretic effect mainly by reducing the levels of serum Na +,Cl-,ANP,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;PS showed its diuretic effect mainly by decreasing the levels of serum Na + and Cl-,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2.CONCLUSION Three medicinal materials have significant diuretic effects without obvious renal harm.DS categorized as a medicinal plant of lung channel and tropism has a great effect on netriuretic peptide system,CS categorized as a medicinal plant of spleen channel and tropism has a great effect on gastric AQP3,and PS categorized as a medicinal plant of renal channel and tropism has a great effect on renal AQPs.

OBJECTIVETo assess the predictive value of hemoglobin (HGB) levels for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by performing a prospective cohort study of NAFLD incidence in a healthy population.

METHODSA total of 2840 individuals in the Xinjiang province were enrolled in the study from 2008 to 2011, based on liver ultrasound showing no evidence of fatty liver disease and the discovery of no major risk factors upon interview. All participants completed an epidemiological questionnaire survey, a physical examination, an abdominal ultrasonography, and gave blood for biochemistry testing. The hazard ratios of NAFLD were compared when the participants were grouped according to HGB level (g/L in quintiles): Q1, less than or equal to 145 for males and less than or equal to 123 for females; Q2, > 145 to less than or equal to 151 for males and > 123 to less than or equal to 129 for females; Q3, > 151 to less than or equal to 155 for males and >129 to less than or equal to 134 for females; Q4, > 155 to less than or equal to 161 for males and > 134 to less than or equal to 139 for females; Q5, > 161 for males and > 139 for females. Between-group comparison of measurement data was carried out by t-test and of percentage or count data by chi-square test. Between group comparison of the HGB level was carried out by one-way ANOVA. The prospective association between HGB levels and NAFLD was assessed by conditioned logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSThe values of body mass index, blood pressure, and triglyceride level were significantly higher in the participants with elevated serum uric acid quartiles. Within the 3-year study period, NAFLD was newly diagnosed in 19.6% of the male participants and 10.1% of the female participants; the difference between males and females reached the threshold of statistical significance (X2 = 51.043, P less than 0.01). The incidence of NAFLD in the quintile groups was 6.10% in Q1, 10.50% in Q2, 13.13% in Q3, 16.95% in Q4, and 22.03% in Q5 (X2 = 70.495, P less than 0.01), and the increasing trend with elevated HGB quartiles was significant (P less than 0.01). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for sex, age, race, metabolic syndrome and its components, the hazard ratios for incidence of fatty liver comparing Q2 to Q5 of HGB concentration to Q1 were 1.125, 1.325, 1.516 and 1.982.

CONCLUSIONElevated HGB concentration is predictive of NAFLD in otherwise healthy subjects and may be used for screening during a routine health check-up.

Adult ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; blood ; diagnosis ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires