Introduction Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide. It can be prevented by identifying pre-cancer lesions at early stages using Pap smear screening and treating these lesions. Knowledge and attitude on cervical cancer and Pap smear tests are associated with actual participation in cervical cancer screening. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate cervical cancer and Pap smear knowledge and attitudes among Mongolian women. Materials and Methods A total of 671 women aged 30 to 60 years from urban and rural areas participated in the study. The multiple clusters sampling method was used. We examined the relations of socio-demographic characteristics with lack of knowledge and negative attitude towards Pap smear tests by using a multilogistic regression analysis. Result The response rate was 89% (671/750). 62% of the participants correctly answered less than 4 out of 8 questions about cervical cancer risk factors. Also 47,2% and 79,3% of the total number of the women had never heard of Pap Smear and HPV. Only 16,4% of the respondents have some knowledge about them. Almost all (93%) participants agreed that there is a defficiency of information about cancer and its screening.58% and 28% of respondents said that they would participate in Pap smear tests voluntarily and agree to vaccinate their daughters. Positive attitude on Pap smear tests was higher among women living in rural areas and those who have had a Pap smear test. Conclusions Cervical cancer and Pap smear knowledge and attitude among the women in Mongolia are low. Having higher education and higher income level did not ensure positive attitude to cervical cancer screening. Strategies for communicating accurate information about cervical cancer, prevention, and detection as well as risk and treatment of cervical cancer are needed.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, which need to health care and public health servicetopicality that is a very important for people with epilepsy (PWE). Therefore psychosocial problemssuch as depression, anxiety, and stigma, discrimination from other people, negative public attitude andmisunderstanding significantly influence on their psychosocial well-being and quality of life. PURPOSE: To study an anxiety and depression in people with epilepsy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 77 patients aged between 20 and 60 were included in our study group. In order to identify psychosocial problems we used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and a tenitem measure of felt stigma (Austin, Dunn et al) for this cross-sectional study.RESULT: There were 77 PWE and slightly more 53.2% male, 46.8% female and, in comparison group. Of theseparticipants 44.2%were married, 75.3% unemployment. The frequencies of anxiety symptoms in PWEwere 31.2% very anxiety, 32.5%anxiety and 36.4% not anxiety, the rates of depressive symptoms inPWE were18.2% very depressed, 19.5% depressed and 62.3% not depressed, respectively. All ofthe 62.3% PWE felt stigma. Considering the age, psychological problem, some of the variables ofthe participants, the age of the people with epilepsy was associated with depression and the stigmascores, negatively (r = -0.2, p = 0.05; r = -0.2, p = 0.05).We observed a positive correlation between BDI and BAI scores in PWE (r = 0.6; p = 0.01).There hasalso the relationship between stigma and anxiety, depression, social-interaction of the attitude scoresin PWE (r = 0.5, p = 0.01; r = 0.5, p = 0.01; r = 0.4, p = 0.01), whereas that the correlation statistic didnot indicate a relationship between the duration of the epilepsy and anxiety, depression, stigma andsocial-interaction’s scoresCONCLUSION: Of the people with epilepsy 31.2% have very anxiety, 33.8% have anxiety and 18.2% have verydepressed, 19.5% have depressed. This reveals that it has positive relationship with social-interactionand attitude. Frequency of epileptic seizures influences the anxiety and depression of the people withepilepsy and thus worsens their stigmatization.

Many studies have demonstrated psychosocial problem of people with epilepsy that who has depressionand anxiety symptoms, ashamed, worried, guilt or feelings of worthlessness, poor self-esteem and socialside which includes education, employment issues, marriage, pregnancy, quality of life and stigma. Theseare related to the knowledge of the social, duration of epilepsy and seizure types.People with epilepsy are coexisting that seizure relatedissues such as behavioral and psychosocialproblems and comorbid psychiatric disorders that are prone to develop in patients with this disorder.Therefore hidden psychosocial problems stigmatizing and negative attitude are arisen from the social.The reason of that is demanded improve the quality of life for people with epilepsy and also is requiredto solve problem, completely. Not only medicine is treatment of people with epilepsy, but coping withepilepsy may also associate with psychosocial problemsfacing patients with epilepsy.According to this, hospital and social positive factors need to initiate for the people with epilepsywithout seizure and help to live normally. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish national program andrecommendation.

Background Concentrations of lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and boron in waste water treatment sample and soil sample of Mich Company in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were detected with high concentration by WHO, UNEP and FAO study in 1998. Therefore, the conclusion was required to conduct environmental audit and to determine pollution frame and risks [1, 2]. According to recommendation of WHO, UNEP and FAO study, it is required to conduct re-survey study of environ¬mental pollution in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Goal Study was aimed to conduct re-survey study of environmental pollution and human health exposure assessment in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Objectives: 1. To determine environmental pollution by questionnaire study and chemical analysis for mercury, chromium, arsenic, lead, cadmium and boron in hair, blood, urine and environment. 2. To develop guidance for next actions. Results Average concentration of arsenic in soil sample of Mich Co, Ltd was 8.458 mg/kg or 1.4 fold higher (95%CI 5.472- 11.444) than reference value (6.0 mg/kg) in “MNS 5850:2008 -Soil quality. Reference value for soil pollutants and elements” standard and mercury and cadmium were not detected (Table 1). Chromium and boron were detected with acceptable level in water samples and average concentration of arsenic (0.0014 mg/l) was lower than reference value (0.01mg/l) in “MNS 900:2005 Drinking water, Hygiene requirements and control” standard. This result shows that there was not arsenic migration from soil to water. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, boron and mercury in soil and water samples were detected with acceptable level (Table 1). Conclusions: 1. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and boron levels in environmental samples of Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were at subordinate level from reference values in national standards. 2. Arsenic concentrations in biological samples were determined as a higher level, but in environmental samples its amounts were corresponded with acceptable level. Thus there was not environmental pollution exposure to human health. Because of detoxication processes of contaminated moulds by mercury and cyanides in MICH company area, it is possible to this area polluted by arsenic or gold associated elements. Thus it is necessary to decrease arsenic pollution in soil. 3. Concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury in hair, urine and blood samples were less than refer¬ence value of Human biomonitoring commission of Germany (HBM), PHI of USA, Clinical chemist’s agency of Russia and Canadian medical research center. So, in Khongor soum had not those of toxic elements ex¬posure to human health. 4. The boron and chromium concentrations of hair, urine and blood samples exceeded the maximum admissible limits in half of all cases, while their amounts in environmental samples were at permissible level according to national standards. And there was no statistical significance correlation (p=0.735) between chromium and boron concentrations in biological and environmental samples.

To detect factors influencing infant’s weight growth during the last few years and to do comparing analysis between mother’s and infant’s weight. 3600 birth histories were chosen and used out of all childbirths happened in 2010-2014 in Ulaanbaatar’s First Maternity hospital using random sampling method. Questionnaires consisting of 21 questions were performed within primiparas, mothers giving birth not for the first time and mothers giving birth by cesarean section. Processing of all the workings were done by using Microsoft Word 8 and Microsoft Excel 2007.According to the results of the research there is a tendency to weight growth of the infants. Comparing weights of the first child of the woman (women giving birth repeatedly and women giving birth by cesarean section) with the second one there is an increasing number of infants with heavier weight. And also as per research done within primiparas there is an increasing number of children born weighting more than 4010 grams during last 5 years. To compare heights of the women giving birth, there is a dominating number of women whose heights are between 155-160,9. However, there is a tendency of birth rate to increase in women whose heights are 161cm. According to the research 63% of all women giving birth were 21-30 years old, average age of women is 28,1 years old. We also detected that there is a dominating number of women giving birth for the 2nd time, but also we concluded that there is an increase in a frequency of women giving birth for the 3rd and 4th times as well. Birth frequency\5 years average\: according to the research we have done we are concluding that 46% of all women are giving birth for the 2nd time, 48%- for the 3rd time, 5% of all women are giving birth for the 4th time and 1% of them are having their 5th child. Significants of cesarean section: 338 are repeated cesarean section, 228 are chronic hypoxia, 131are preeclampsia, beech presentation are171 and other. Childbearing time comparing there is an increase in childbearing of 40-41 weeks.. Comparison between first child’s weight and second child’s weight. As per comparison done between a women’s previous child’s weight and a present child’s weights there is a decrease in a number births of children weights of whose are between 3000-3500 g of 8%, and also an increase in number of births of the children weighting 3510-4000 g by 9,2%, of the children weighting 4010-4500 g by 3% and of the children weighting more than 4510 g by 1,4% was seen. Compare between weights of the first child and second child of the women giving birth by cesarean section done between first and second children’s weights we detected that there is an increase in a number of children weighting 3000-3500 g by 10,4%, weighting 3510-4000 g by 10,2%, weighting 4010-4500 by 12,8% and weighting more than 4510 by 2,59%. Women’s first child’s weight comparison are showing there is a dominating number of children born weighting 3000-4000 grams, however, we also see that there is a slightly increase in number of children born weighting more than 4010 grams. As per research we have done between average heights of the women giving birth in a last 5 years we are concluding following: height of 13% of all women who were involved in a research was 149-154 cm, 39%’s height was 155-160,9 cm, 27%- 161- 166,9 cm and 19% of them were taller than 167cm. According to the research we see dominating number of over weighted women. Despite of sampling method not showing good enough picture of weight index increase we can conclude that number of 2r and 3r levels of overweight mothers are not only staying at the same level but also has some tendency to grow. It was observed that the fact of weight gaining, bad eating habits, not doing sports during pregnancy and increasing of women height acceleration and post-term pregnancy are influencing infant’s weight gain which leads to infant’s morbidity and pathology and to complications during pregnancy and childbirth.When women give birth repeatedly with every birth they give there is an increase in a child’s weight. And also between primiparas there is an increased number of children born weighting more than 4010 grams.Between women involved in a research there is a dominating number of women who are 155-160,9 cm tall, however, it is 46% of them whose heights are more than 161 cm. It shows that average height of Mongolian women is increasing.According to weight index not only women with overweight are dominating, but also number of women with 2 and 3r levels of overweight never goes down and slightly increases. From this we may conclude that overweight problems of women are influencing weight of the baby and also contributes to childbirth and pregnancy complications.

Hemangiomas are common benign vascular tumors which about 70% to 80% of the lesions are found in the head and neck region. This study was conducted on 36 children with hemangioma who were referred to Orofacial Surgery Cabinet of Dental School of Health Sciences University of Mongolia and Orofacial Surgery Cabinet of National Center for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia between 2013 and 2015.Of the 36 children referred for assessment, 72% were female, 55% were infants of 4 to 9 months old, and 83% of them were citizens. 58% of patients underwent cryotherapy,and 57% of patients underwent cryotherapy had 2 therapy sessions. 25% of patients receiver sclerotic therapy, and 67% of them had 2 therapy sessions. According to the locations of hemangiomas 30% of them were localized in infraorbital area. 72% of the participants are women and 55% are children age of 4-9 month which 83% of all participants were living in city. 58% of children with hemangioma are treated with cryotherapy which 57%of treatment finished by second visit. And 25% were treated by dehydration treatment which 67% were finished by second visit.

: Childhood obesity is, according to the WHO, one of the most serious challenges of the 21st century. More than 100 million children have obesity today. Globally, the prevalence of obesity and overweight tripled in the child and youth populations from the mid-1970s (about 4%) to 2016 (greater than 18%). In 2016, more than 330 million children and adolescents were affected by overweight or obesity globally. It is estimated that by 2030 nearly 30% of all children will be affected by overweight or obesity. For this reason, childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide.
This study summarizes and reviewed research findings related to childhood obesity and health risks. Overweight and obesity are defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can harm health. Obesity has a multifactorial origin that involves both genetic and environmental factors. Several studies showed that excess body fat increased the risk of multiple comorbidities, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and cancer. According to the results of the research, the mother's nutritional status and obesogenic environments have a great influence on childhood obesity. A summary of the results of many studies concluded that childhood obesity is more likely to develop non-communicable diseases in adulthood. The global prevalence of overweight in children aged 5 years or under has increased modestly, but with heterogeneous trends in low and middle-income regions, while the prevalence of obesity in children aged 2–4 years has increased moderately. Overweight or obesity during childhood has important short-term and long-term consequences. Conclusion In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically. For the successful implementation of activities to prevent overweight and obesity in children, it is necessary to create a supportive environment and to promote health.

BACKGROUND. To introduce a new electronic technology which is mobile-based ophthalmoscope to the clinical practice for the patients with diabetes and hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS. There are 32 participants who were diagnosed with hypertension (blood pressure measured more than 140/90 mm Hg three times a month or for 2 weeks) participated in our study. We selected the patients with type II diabetes and hypertension who were referred to the RTW diabetes center. RESULTS. In the hypertensive group, based on Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) Grades, there are 1st and 2nd degree retinopathy cases are more common and it increases with the age. In the diabetic group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed among the patients aged above 60 years old and it correlates with the duration of disease.

Nutrition is a key factor in the normal functioning of the immune system, and malnutrition is one of the most common causes of immunodeficiency worldwide today. However, the public health policies on immune system and infection lacks the nutritional strategy to ensure the optimal functioning of the immune system Loss of cellular immunity, phagocyte function, blood protein complex, cytokine synthesis, and A-immunoglobulin secretion are generally associated with protein-energy deficiency.
Some vitamins and minerals, such as A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid, zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper, plays an important role in the immune system function. Deficiency or low levels of micronutrients can negatively affect the immune system and reduce the ability to fight infections.

Background: In order to study and evaluate the nutrition situation of the Mongolian people. The 2016-2017 NNS V includes 5 different age groups from Mongolian’s four economic development regions and Ulaanbaatar. The NNS V survey quantifies the prevalence of the nutrition conditions that are of greatest concern to the population, particularly young children and pregnant women. Goal: To establish the prevalence of micronutrients deficiency and estimate micronutrient intake in pregnant women Materials and Methods: Totally 2220 pregnant women included in cross-sectional study from urban and rural area. Survey procedures consisted of interview, anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and the collection of biological (blood and urine) samples for pregnant women. Micronutrient deficiencies were assessed by tests for hemoglobin, serum, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), retinol-binding protein (RBP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(ОН)D}, spot urine samples for determination of urinary iodine concentration. Result: The prevalence of anemia, as measured by hemoglobin, was 21.4% and the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 10.5%, as measured by adjusted serum ferritin or soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was 29.6%.
Prevalence of iron deficiency as measured by serum ferritin was also highest in Western 35.1% and lowest in Eastern region 21.5% (P<0.01). The prevalence of vitamin D in pregnant women was high with 75.4% and 4.4% of all pregnant women had sufficient vitamin D status. An additional 20.2% of pregnant women having insufficient levels. The median concentration of 120.5µg/l indicates inadequate iodine status in pregnant women, as the desired range for adequate iodine nutrition in pregnancy 150-249 µg/l. Conclusion
1. One in every 5 pregnant women (21.4%) is anemic.
2. Vitamin D intake among pregnant women (7.3%) is very low, with 75.4% having vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency –by 20.2%.
3. Median urinary iodine concentration of pregnant women is 120.2mg/l, considerably lower than WHO recommended reference range, indicating pregnant women are at risk of iodine deficiency.
4. Despite visible growth in vitamin and mineral supplements intake by pregnant women, compared to 2010, the infrequency of intake and failure to consume recommended number of supplements as instructed in the relevant guides persist.