Despite advances in lifestyle interventions, anti-obesity medications, and metabolic surgery, the issue of health burden due to obesity continues to evolve. Interest in endoscopic bariatric techniques has increased over the years, as they have been shown to be efficacious, reversible, relatively safe, and cost effective. Further, these techniques offer a therapeutic window for some patients who may otherwise be unable to undergo bariatric surgery. This article aims to review the literature on the safety and efficacy of currently offered endoscopic bariatric techniques, as well as those that are in the pipeline of end-development and regulatory approval.
Bariatric Medicine ; Bariatric Surgery ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Life Style ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Obesity*

Precision medicine, which is based on individualized medicine, is a new medical model developed with the cross-application of genome sequencing technology, bioinformatics, and big data science. The establishment of precision medicine model is conducive to maximize the efficient utilization of medical resources and patient benefits. Bariatric surgery is an emerging branch of general surgery in the new century. Although the development of bariatric surgery still has a long way to go, precision medicine will add significant value to the rapid and positive development of the branch of bariatric surgery. In the context of precision medicine, bariatric metabolic surgery is now in its infancy. Currently, the successful implementation of precision control in bariatric surgery is initially focusing on the prediction of postoperative weight and the study of body weight differences in epigenetics. However, there are still gaps to be filled in the area of postoperative recovery, nutritional support treatment, and realization of individualized treatment based on big data. In the future, the integration of large-scale resource and data information can be realized by establishing the multi-center clinical sample library and perfecting the data collection of long-term follow-up and clinical information. Meanwhile, we can conduct deep biological data mining effectively with the big data platform, while using data reference to achieve accurate prediction and control of obesity treatment, so as to formulate detailed implementation plans and detailed procedure standard. Last but not least, we should pay attention to the patients' privacy and prevent personal health information leakage.
Bariatric Surgery/methods* ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Precision Medicine

The U. S. A. president Obama called for a new initiative to fund precision medicine during his State of Union Address on January 20th, 2015, which meant that the human medicine enters a new era. The meaning of "precision medicine" is significantly similar to the concept of precision obesity and metabolic disease surgery, which was proposed by the author in early August 2011. Nowadays, obesity and metabolic disease surgery has been transformed from open surgery to laparoscopic surgery, the extensive mode to the precision mode. The key value concept is to minimize postoperative complication, minimize postoperative hospital stay and obtain the best effect of weight loss by accurate preoperative assessment, delicate operation, excellent postoperative management and scientific follow-up. The precision obesity and metabolic disease surgery has more development space in the future.
Bariatric Surgery ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Obesity ; Postoperative Complications ; Precision Medicine