Objective To investigate the clinical effects of four different bowel preparation methods for colonoscopy.Methods 620 patients examined by coloscopy were randomized into four groups (group A,B,C and D),with each group in 155 cases.Group A received magnesium sulfate.Group B received compound polyethylene glycol.Group C received magnesium sulfate combined with simethicone.Group D received compound polyethylene glycol combined with simethicone.The quality and influencing factors,the detection of polyps and adverse events were compared between the four groups.Results The good bowel cleaning rate of group A,B,C and D were respectively 84.52％,91.61％,85.81％ and 94.19％.The good bowel cleaning rates of group A and C were higher than those of group B and D (x2 =4.32,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =7.63,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =4.10,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =6.06,P ＜ 0.05.).The bubble free rate of group A,B,C and D were 86.45 ％,87.74％,92.26％ and 90.96％.The bubble free rates of group C and D were higher than those of group A and B (x2 =4.17,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =4.76,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =5.02,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =4.23,P ＜ 0.05).The polyp detection rates of group A,B,C and D were 35.4％,36.8％,51.6％ and 54.2％.Group C and D showed higher quality of foam eliminating and detection rate of polyps as compared with group A and B (x2 =8.24,P ＜0.05;x2 =11.04,P ＜0.05;x2 =6.95,P ＜0.05;x2 =9.53,P ＜0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions of group A and C (21.3％ and 19.4％) were higher than group B and D (7.8％ and 6.5％) (x2 =11.86,P＜0.05;x2 =14.95,P ＜0.05;x2 =9.18,P ＜0.05;x2 =11.95,P ＜0.05).The frequency of colonoscopy,constipation,medication and examination time interval,bowel preparation methods and adverse events were the the influ ence factors of bowel preparation.Conclusion The quality of bowel preparation of compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder is better than magnesium sulfate with high security.Treatment of combination with simethicone can improve bowel preparation quality.Many factors can affect bowel preparation,which need to be paid attention to.

Objective To develop a Chinese version of Death Attitude Proevaluate its reliability and validity by applying it in the Chinese Christians.Methods After undergoing forward and backward translation of the DAP-R by expert consultation and in-depth interview,150 Christians over 40 years old were recruited to complete the Chinese version of DAP-R,And then factor analysis,correlation analysis and reliability analysis were applied to establish the scale's construct validity and reliability.Results The final scale consisted of five dimensions with 25 items; the varimax rotation factor analysis of the scale identified seven principal factors and explained for 67.075% variances; the correlation coefficient between each item and its domain was 0.432～0.850; Cronbach's α coefficient of five domains were 0.585～0.853,the Cronbach's α and split-half coefficient for the whole scale were 0.840 and 0.843 respectively.Conclusions The Chinese version of DAP-R possesses acceptable validity and reliability in the setting of Christians,and more in-depth study on the scale needs to be done in a wider population.

ObjectiveTo design the scale of death attitude for Chinese nurses and evaluate its validity and reliability.MethodsThe scale draft was formed through the literature review,the formal scale was got via expert consultation and interview survey of 20 cases of small sample.120 clinical nurses were selected for investigation.Then item analysis,factor analysis,correlation analysis and reliability analysis were applied to establish the scale′s validity and reliability.ResultsThe nursing staff death attitude scale consisted of 25 items,the varimax rotation factor analysis of the scale identified seven principal factors and explained for 63.732％ variances.The correlation coefficient between each item and its domain was 0.498～0.808,the Cronbach′s α coefficient of five domains was 0.595～0.774,the Cronbach′s α and split-half coefficient for the whole scale were 0.824 and 0.868 respectively.ConclusionsThe scale has high reliability and validity,and it can be the effective test instrument for death attitude of nurses in China.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of balance cupping therapy on non-specific low back pain.Methods 75 patients with non-specific low back pain were randomly divided into the control group (n=25), cupping therapy group (n=25) and balance cupping therapy group (n=25). The patients in the control group were received diclofenac sodium enteric-coated capsule; the cases in other two groups were treated with cupping therapy and balance cupping therapy separately. After 3 weeks' treatment, the changes of the visual analogous scores and Oswestry disability index of two groups' patients were observed.Results The visual analogous scores and Oswestry disability index of the balance cupping therapy group were significantly lower than that of the control group and cupping therapy group ( P<0.05) after 3 weeks' treatment. But between the control group and cupping therapy group there was no difference.Conclusion Balance cupping therapy is one of effective treatment methods for non-specific low back pain.

Objective:To ascertain the distribution of interventional radiodiagnosis and treatment resources and the current situation of radiological protection in Beijing, standardize the interventional radiodiagnosis and treatment, and promote the implementation of radiation protection regulatory measures.Methods:Various medical institutions at differetn levels that perform interventional radiodiagnosis and treatment in Beijing were identified as the survey objects. With special questionnaires designed, the investigation groups at two levels of municipality and district was established to investigate the basic situation of interventional radiology and occupational health monitoring by the end of 2020. The indexes and parameters were analyzed and evaluated under the relevant national regulations and standards.Results:By the end of 2020, there were 93 medical institutions performing interventional radiology in Beijing, together with 236 digital subtraction angiography machines (DSA) with higher than 800 mA. A total of 135 593 cases of interventional radiological surgical operation were performed. There were 40 hospitals annually performing more than 1 000 cases and 41 hospitals perfoming 10-1 000 cases. There were 3 539 interventional radiological workers, with 99.0% holding radiological worker certificates. The passing rates of occupational health examination, personal dose monitoring and radiation protection training were 96.9%, 99.5% and 95.8%, respectively. A total of 3 532 sets of protective articles were provided for the workers, of which 98.9% were equipped with split or integrated lead clothing, but 6.5% were not equipped with lead protective glasses and 54.9% were not equipped with lead protective gloves.Conclusions:The radiation protection management for the interventional radiodiagnosis and treatment is generally good. However, the regulatory mechanism should be further improved based on the current distribution of interventional radiodiagnosis and treatment resources, with focus on strengthening the occupational health examination, the radiation protection training, and the configuration and use of protective equipment.

Objective:To investigate the effects of exosomes of human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) on the differentiation of urine derived stem cells (USCs) into nucleus pulposus-like cells.Methods:USCs and NPCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. The exosomes of NPCs were extracted and detected by Western-blot. USCs cytoplasm was transfected with GFP lentivirus, while nucleus was transfected with DAPI dye. The NPCs exosomes were transfected with PKH26 dye. After co-incubation for 12 h, USCs and NPCs exosomes were observed by macroscopy. USCs differentiation was induced by NPCs exosomes and non-contact co-culture methods. The relative expression of marker gene mRNA of nucleus pulposus cells in each group and the absorbance at 450 nm wavelength were detected.Results:The isolated USCs had the ability to differentiate into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes with high expression of marker CD29 (99.57%), CD44 (97.46%) and CD73 (97.71%) and with low expression of negative proteins CD31 (0.59%) and CD45 (0.19%). The isolated NPCs highly expressed nuclear pulposus cell marker COL2A1, ACAN and SOX-9. The exosomes extracted from NPCs showed high expression of exosome marker CD63, CD81 and Tsg101. After 12 h co-incubation, NPCs exosomes fused with USCs membrane and appeared in the cytoplasm of USCs. At 3, 5 and 7 days of co-culture, the absorbance value of USCs cells in exosome group (0.44±0.004, 0.76±0.004, 0.82±0.006) was higher than that in co-culture group (0.39±0.022, 0.63±0.035, 0.69±0.012) ( P<0.05). The mRNA relative expression of USCs nucleus pulposus marker genes ACAN (1.80±0.31, 3.50±0.21, 5.35±0.31, 7.46±0.12), COL2A1 (1.43±0.15, 4.33±0.23, 6.89±0.22, 8.11±0.31), SOX-9 (2.21±0.13, 3.13±0.11, 3.96± 0.14, 4.52±0.26) and HIF-1α (1.45±0.16, 2.14±0.21, 4.31±0.41, 4.01±0.25) in exosomes group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05) at the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days. The mRNA relative expression of USCs nucleus pulposus marker genes ACAN (5.69±0.21, 6.69±0.13), COL2A1 (6.33±0.17, 7.89±0.15), SOX-9 (4.19±0.29, 4.38±0.12), HIF-1α (4.49±0.32, 4.96±0.26) in exosomes group were significantly higher than those ACAN (3.69±0.35, 5.13±0.23), COL2A1 (3.40±0.16, 6.79±0.19), SOX-9 (2.26±0.32, 3.69±0.26), HIF-1α (2.39±0.11, 3.96±0.13) in non-contact co-culture group ( P<0.05) at the 14th and 21st days. Conclusion:Human nucleus pulposus exosomes could induce differentiation of human USCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells in vitro. Compared with non-contact co-culture, exosomes have higher induction efficiency and can better maintain the proliferation activity of nucleus pulposus-like cells

Terpene synthase (TPS) plays important roles in the synthesis of terpenoids which are the main fragrances in Rhododendron flowers. To understand the function of TPS genes in terpenoid metabolism in relation to flower aroma formation, we identified all TPS gene family members in Rhododendron by analyzing its genome database. We then used a transcriptomic approach to analyze the differential gene expression patterns of TPS gene family members in the scented flower Rhododendron fortunei compared to the non-scented flower Rhododendron 'Nova Zembla'. The contents of terpenoid compounds in petals of the above two Rhododendron species at different developmental stages were also measured by using qRT-PCR and head space-solid phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results showed that a total of 47 RsTPS members, with individual lengths ranged from 591 to 2 634 bp, were identified in the Rhododendron genome. The number of exons in RsTPS gene ranged from 3 to 12, while the length of each protein encoded ranged from 196 to 877 amino acids. Members of the RsTPS family are mainly distributed in the chloroplast and cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RsTPS genes can be clustered into 5 subgroups. Seven gene family members can be functionally annotated as TPS gene family since they were temporally and spatially expressed as shown in the transcriptome data. Notably, TPS1, TPS10, TPS12 and TPS13 in Rhododendron fortunei were expressed highly in flower buds reached the peak in the full blossoming. Correlation analysis between gene expression levels and terpenoid content indicates that the expression levels of TPS1, TPS4, TPS9, TPS10, TPS12 and TPS13 were positively correlated with the content of terpenoids in the petals of R. fortunei at all flower developmental stages, suggesting that these six genes might be involved in the aroma formation in R. fortunei.
Rhododendron/metabolism* ; Phylogeny ; Terpenes/metabolism* ; Family ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant