Objective To investigate the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of syphilis epidemic in Main-land China in 2005-2011.Methods Geographic information system was established based on the data of syphilis epidemic and demographic information from online reporting system of 3 1 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions of Mainland China from 2005 to 2011,global indication of spatial autocorrelation(GISA),local indication of spatial autocorrelation (LISA),and spatial-temporal cluster analysis were conducted by GeoDa 0.95i and SaTScan 9.1 .1 software,high risk areas of spatial-temporal distribution of syphilis were determined.Results The number of syphilis in Mainland China in 2005-2011 were 1 841 217 cases,annual incidence was 20.07/100 000,suggesting a sign of obvious cluster distribution.Except 2011,GISA coefficient Moran’s I were statistically different.Accord-ing to LISA analysis,Jiangsu,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Fujian lay in high-high region in 2005-2009,Chongqing lay in high-low region in 2006-2008,and in 2011,no area was found in high-high region.Spatio-temporal cluster anal-ysis showed that the most likely cluster was in Shanghai and Zhejiang (2009-2011);the secondary cluster distribu-ted in five areas,including Guangdong,Guangxi and Hainan (2009-2011),Xinjiang (2009-2011),Liaoning and Jilin (2010-2011),Gansu,Ningxia,Shaanxi,Sichuan,Chongqing,Shanxi and Inner Mongolia (2011),Beijing and Tianjin (2008-2010).Conclusion Significant spatio-temporal cluster pattern is found for the distribution of syphilis in mainland China,which can be meaningful for pertinent control.

Objective:To study factors influencing drug abuse in f emale.Method:230 female drug abusers admitted into Institute of Dr ug Withdrawal were investigated by Drug Abuse Inventory made by Chinese Drug Depend ence Institute.Data was analyzed by Logistic analysis.Results:Risk f actors related to drug abuse included:poor education,unemployment,divorce or sep aration,stimulus seeking,destructive social relationship,meaningless life.Conclusion:Drug abuse in female is a problem occurring on poor psychosoci al background.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP) infection and lung cancer.Methods literatures that reported on the associations between CP and lung cancer were retrieved by searching international and national databases.Meta-analysis was done by RevMan 4.2 software.The pooled OR values and 95% CI were calculated,and published bias was assessed by funnel plots.Results Totally 10 studies with 1 769 cases and 1 922 controls were enrolled.The analysis showed that the pooled OR of the association between chronic CP infection and lung cancer was 2.17 with the 95% CI of 1.43 to 3.28.Conclusion CP infection may be associated with lung cancer.CP infection may be a potential risk factor for lung cancer.

Internct has provided abundant resources for teaching,but it also brings two challenges,information overload and knowledge fragmentation.Under the environment of Internct,only by efficient course designs,can teachers deal with these two new challenges,and attract students' attentions and motivate their learning interests.Among teaching designs,the design of teaching ‘opening speech’ is quite important.During the course construction of Epidemiology in China Medical University,design strategies on opening speech were explored;the principles of opening speech design were determined.And the opening speeches were designed and cumulated for the teaching modules of Epidemiology.Furthermore,the skills of opening speech design were summarized.

Objective To understand the epidemiologic characteristics and pathogenic virus of cases of viral diarrhea in sentinel hospitals in Liaoning Province.Methods From Jan 2009 to Dec 2011,639 stool samples from sentinel hospitals of Liaoning Province were collected.Rotavirus,human calicivirus,astrovirus and adenovirus were detected by polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.The data analysis used chi-squanetest and Fisher's exact test.Results Rotavirus,human calicivirus,astrovirus and adenovirus were detected in 15.96 ％,11.25 ％,1.25％ and 0.31％ of the 639 specimens,respectively.G3 was the most prevailing serotype and P[8] was the most common genotype among 101 group A rotavirus isolates.One strain of group C rotavirus was also detected,which was reported for the first time from Liaoning Province.Phylogenetic analysis showed that this group C rotavirus JX407109 in the present study had the closest genetic relationship with the outbreak strain AB648916 from Japan,with nucleotide sequence consistency of 99 ％.Among the 72 samples of human calicivirus,70 samples were norovirus with G Ⅱ/4 being the predominant genotype,and 2 samples were sapovirus.Astrovirus was detected in 8 samples,most of which were genotype 1.Adenovirus was detected in 2 samples,and both were genotype 41.High incidences of viral diarrhea were noted during the months from December to next year February,and children under 5 years of age had high incidence of rotavirus and astrovirus,while the incidence of calicivirus were similar among different age groups.Conclusions The predominant pathogens of viral diarrhea in Liaoning Province are group A rotavirus and calicivirus.Notably,the group C rotavirus in Liaoning Province shares high genetic consistency with the outbreak strain from Japan.

BACKGROUNDTo explore the relationship between the expression of COX-2 and pathophysiological features in female pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients.

METHODSExpression of COX-2 protein was detected in 50 cases of female pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues and 50 cases of paracancerous tissues by streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method.

RESULTSThe positive rates of COX-2 expression were 78% and 26% in tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues respectively, and there was a highly significant difference between the two groups (Chi-square=27.08, P < 0.01). No significant difference was found among COX-2 expression level, age (P=0.50), smoking history (P=1.0), differentiation grade of tumor cells (P=0.712), TNM stage (P=0.591), size of primary tumor (P=0.63) and lymph nodes metastasis (P=0.88).

CONCLUSIONSOverexpression of COX-2 may play an important role in oncogenesis of female lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUNDTo investigate the risk factors of lung cancer in female nonsmokers.

METHODSAn 1:1 matched case-control study was carried out in Shenyang, P.R.China. A questionnaire covering demographics, family history of cancer, previous disease history, living conditions, passive smoking history, occupational exposure, diet/nutritional preferences and cooking habits, sources of indoor pollution and so on was used to ask each subject. A total of 126 new cases diagnozed as primary lung cancer and 126 controls matched for age and sex were randomly selected from the female nonsmokers.

RESULTSAdenocarcinoma was the main type of female lung cancer, accounting for 62.7%. The higher number of deliveries was, the more risk of lung cancer was (OR=1.466, 95%CI=1.06-2.01). The lower the body mass index (BMI), the higher the risk of lung cancer (OR=2.082, 95%CI=1.2-3.60). With the increase of BMI, the risk of lung cancer decreased. Eating too much viscera (OR=1.891, 95%CI=1.45-2.46), maize and sorghum (OR=1.538, 95%CI= 1.22 -1.93) could increase the risk of lung cancer. Using petroleum gas as fuel (OR=1.741, 95%CI=1.29-2.34) and indoor coal burning (OR=1.785, 95%CI=1.33-2.38) were lung cancer's risk factors, too. The OR value of family cancer history of first-class relatives was 3.18 (95%CI=2.43-4.15).

CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that low value of BMI, high number of child deliveries, eating too much viscera, maize and sorghum, indoor coal burning and using petroleum gas as fuel can increase the risk of lung cancer in female nonsmokers.

BACKGROUNDXRCC1 polymorphism at Arg399Gln site has been shown to modulate DNA repair capacity. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between XRCC1 polymorphism and susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma in nonsmoking female via a hospital-based case-control study.

METHODSCases were 126 female patients with lung adenocarcinoma from January 2002 to October 2004 in China Medical University Hospital and Liaoning Tumor Hospital. Controls were selected from patients with other pulmonary diseases in the hospitals at the same time. These controls were matched to cases on age (±5 years). Information concerning demographic and risk factors was obtained for each case and control by a trained interviewer. XRCC1 genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression.

RESULTSCases showed a higher prevalence of oil smoke compared with controls (P < 0.05). The frequencies of Arg/Arg, Arg/Gln and Gln/Gln in lung adenocarcinoma group (32.54%, 42.86%, 24.60%) were significantly different from those in controls (54.76%, 40.48%, 4.76%) (P < 0.05). The individual carrying Gln/Gln genotype was at a significantly increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma compared with those with Arg/Arg genotype (OR=8.695, 95%CI 3.343-22.614, adjusted for age and oil smoke exposure). Furthermore, the OR of lung adenocarcinoma for the variant XRCC1 399Gln allele combined with exposure to oil smoke was 5.21 (95%CI 1.85-14.70, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that the Arg399Gln polymorphism in XRCC1 is associated with the risk of lung adenocarcinoma in nonsmoking women.

BACKGROUNDLung cancer is a serious health problem in public. Its morbidity and mortality have been increasing rapidly. The mortality of lung cancer in women also increases year by year, in which most of the cases are non-smoking women, and the risk factors still are unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of air pollution in room, passive smoking and other factors on risk of lung cancer.

METHODSA total of 618 newly diagnosed female patients with primary lung cancer were enrolled. The controls were selected randomly in the general population in urban districts. Two trained interviewers performed this interview face-to-face using the same questionnaire. The content of questionnaire included the characteristics of demography, history of passive smoking, exposed history of cooking fume, fuel exposure, exposed history of coal fume, history of using 'Kang', pulmonary disease history, cancer history of relatives and occupational history.

RESULTSPassive smoking in childhood was related with lung cancer of non-smoking women (OR= 1.81 , 95%CI=1.46-2.24). The exposure to the cooking fume was of great significance (OR=3.18, 95%CI= 2.55 -3.97). The relationship between coal fume and lung cancer was significant (OR=2.56, 95%CI= 1.83 -4.55). The pulmonary disease history including tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema was strongly associated with lung cancer (OR=1.80, 95%CI=1.43-2.27). The family history of cancer significantly increased the risk of lung cancer (OR=2.09, 95%CI=1.46-3.00), especially the lung cancer history in the first relatives (OR=2.46, 95%CI=1.55-3.90). After adjusting other factors, logistic analysis showed that cooking fume (OR=4.11, 95%CI=2.14-7.89), the pulmonary disease history (OR= 2.05 , 95%CI=1.08-3.93), and the family history of lung cancer (OR=2.89, 95%CI=1.30-6.41) were significant factors.

CONCLUSIONSThe results show that passive smoking in childhood, cooking oil exposure, coal fume exposure, pulmonary disease history including tuberculosis and family history of lung cancer are risk factors of lung cancer in non-smoking women.

objective To understand the baseline data of mortality from malignant tumor from 2006 to 2009 around Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant in Wafangdian City,Liaoning Province,so as to provide scientific basis for evaluating the impact of normal operation of nuclear power plant on the health of the residents nearby.Methods Thirty small towns near Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant were divided into 5 investigated areas according to the distances away therefrom(0.,10.,20-,30-,and 40-km).The data about from malignant tumor were obtained from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Wafangdian.The mortality distribution of difierent malignant tumors was analyzed,including the radiosensitive malignant tumors,especially leukemia,breast cancer,and thyroid gland cancer in different area,gender,and age groups.Results The mortality from malignant tumor was 151.97/105,and the standardized mortality rate(SMR)was 97.76/105.The mortality from malignant tumor among the males was 188.28/105(with the SMR of 116.76/105),and that among the females was 113.47/105(with the SMR of 75.89/105).with a sex ratio of 1.71.The first five cancers in the rank of death causes were lung,liver,stomach,colorectal,and esophageal cancers with mortality of 46.19/105,23.51/105,20.30/105,8.06/105 and 5.45/105,respectively.The mortality from mal.ignant tumor in the areas around the nuclear power plant from the near to the distant were 99.85/105, 137.40/105,138.73/105,156.30/105,and 154.16/105,respectively.The mortality from radiosensitive malignant tumors,leukemia,breast cancer,and thyroid gland cancer were 4.57/105,4.06/105,and 0.26/105,respectively.Conclusions Lung cancer and digestive tract malignant tumors are the main causes of death from malignant tumors in Wafangdian area before the nuclear power plant began to operate.There are no significant differences in the mortality distribution of malignant tumors among different areas,genders,and age groups.There are not significant differences in the mortality distribution of leukemia and breast cancer among different areas and age groups.