Objective: To investigate the relationship between qi and blood quantity in the twelve meridians and musculature,and enrich the theory of meridian doctrine.Methods: By summarizing classic literatures on qi and blood quantity in the twelve meridians and musculature,and combining with clinical practice,the relationship between qi and blood quantity in the twelve meridians and musculature was analyzed and the directive effect of qi and blood quantity in the twelve meridians on diseases of musculature was investigated.Results: Qi and blood in the twelve meridians moisten and nourish the musculature,on the other hand,the musculature also influence the quality of qi and blood.Conclusion: Treatment for diseases of musculature with acupuncture and moxibustion can be perfected by the theory of qi and blood quantity in the twelve meridians,then,the curative effect can also be improved.

Objective: Our aims were to classify mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) clinical isolated strain according to endonuclease map of the PCR-products of the MP P1 protein gene and to investigate MP epidemic state in Shenyang.Methods:The P1 protein gene fragment of MP isolated strain was amplified by using PCR method ,and its products were digested with Hea III, 1.5 % argarose gel electrophoresis.Results:Isolated strain showed the same map as MP FH standard strain.Conclusion: Clinical isolated strain of mycoplasma pneumoniae in Shenyang belongs to groupⅡ.

BACKGROUND: Limb ischemia reperfusion (LIR) as a stressor leads to gastric mucosal injury, and then results in the occurrence of stress ulcer.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of LIR on gastric mucosal injury, investigate part of the mechanism, and the role of several transient limb ischemia in the occurrence of gastric mucosal injury.DESIGN: A randomized grouping design and controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Pathophysiology of North China Coal Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the pathophysiological laboratory of North China Coal Medical College from January to June 2002. Fifty-four healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 18 rats in each group. Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) group: The rats were duplicated into models according to the Rosenthal method that under superficial anesthesia with ether, the roots of both hindlimbs were ligated by wrapping with rubber strap, blood flow was blocked for 4 hours and then recovered to perfusion for 4 hours, and finally killed by bleeding from abdominal aorta. Ischemic preconditioning group: Before model establishment, blood flow of both hindlimbs was blocked for 5 minutes, and then recovered to perfusion for 5 minutes, which was repeated for four times, and the following operations were the same as those in the I/R group. Control group: The operations were the same as those in the I/R group,but both hindlimbs were ligated at relaxation without blocking the blood flow.METHODS: Sections of gastric mucosa were prepared, and then observed under light microscope and electron microscope, and the index of gastric mucosal injury was determined according to the Guth standard. The colorimetric assay was performed with 721 spectrophotometer at 650 nm, and the amount of gastric combining mucus was calculated.Meanwhile, the blood flow of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus, content of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in gastric mucosa were determined.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Index of gastric mucosal injury, amount of gastric combining mucus, blood flow of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus, contents of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and NOS activity in gastric mucosa.RESULTS: All the 54 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① In the I/R group, gastric mucosal injury was serious, edema, hyperemia, erosion and disintegration of gland of mucosal glands were observed, infiltration of inflammatory cells (formation of ulcer) was observed in basal and inferior mucosa. In the ischemic preconditioning group, the gastric mucosa was complete, and the damaged severity was milder than that in the I/R group; Under electron microscope, the organell structures of gastric parietal and chief cells were incomplete and destroyed. The cell injuries in the ischemic preconditioning group were milder than those in the I/R group (index of injury: 18.00±10.71, 34.00±15.01, P＜ 0.01). ② The blood flow and combining mucosal amount of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus in the ischemic preconditioning group and I/R group were all obviously lower than those in the control group [(2.12±0.56), (10.84±2.56), (25.52±2.97) mL/(kg·h); (2.01±0.91), (2.79±0.73), (3.99±0.87) mg;(7.68±1.95), (9.74±1.04), (11.98±1.98) mg/g; (3.83±1.18), (5.42±0.47), (5.76±1.21) mg/g, P ＜ 0.05, 0.01], those the above indexes were all higher in the ischemic preconditioning group than in the I/R group. ③ The contents of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and NOS activity in gastric mucosa in the ischemic preconditioning group and I/R group were significantly lower than those in the control group [(250.0±5.6), (270.0±11.3), (210.0±7.4) μmol/L; (9.34±0.67), (11.34±1.00), (7.50±0.67) μ kat/g, P ＜ 0.01], those were also signficantly higher in the ischemic preconditioning group than in the I/R group.CONCLUSION: As a stressor, LIR can lead to gastric mucosal injury, and cause stress ulcer.Ischemic preconditioning can alleviate the gastric mucosal injury following LIR

AIM: To observe the degree of gastric mucosal injury following limb ischemia/reperfusion(LIR),and to investigate the mechanism of gastric mucosal injury and the influence of the series of brief ischemia/reperfusion of hind limbs of rats on gastric mucosal injury. METHODS: Referring to Rosenthal's method, the model rats which underwent 4 hours of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion in hind limbs were made. The indexes of gastric mucosal injury after LIR and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) + LIR were determined. The morphologic changes were observed with light microscope and transmission electron microscop respectively. The GMBF,histologic lesion score, gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids, hexosamine, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in mucus were measured in different groups. RESULTS: Serious damage in gastric mucosa was observed under microscope and EM after LIR. But less serious damage was observed in the IPC group. After LIR, compared to the control group, the GMBF and the content of gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids and hexosamine in mucus decreased significantly. There was significant difference in most indexes between the control group and the IPC group, but compared to LIR group, the histologic lesion score decreased significantly and the GMBF and the content of gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids, hexosamine ,nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in mucus increased significantly. CONCLUSION: LIR caused the gastric mucosa injury. IPC alleviated the damage of gastric mucosa following ischemia/reperfusion in hind limbs.

Objective To explore the effects of Ginkgolide B on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α) and P I3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of developing rats after pentylenetetrazol(PTZ)-induced status epilepticus,and to investigate the correlation between HIF-1α expression and PI3K/Akt pathway.Methods Ninety-six SD rats aged 21 days were randomly divided into normal saline group(group NS),status epilepticus group (group P),GKB treatment groups (group G+P),GKB +wortmannin treated group (group G+P+W),wortmannin treated group(group P+W).The brain tissue were harvested from the rats at 4 and 8 hours after the inducement,but in the group G+P at 1 h,4 h,8 h,24 h.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used respectively to detect HIF-1α and p-Akt protein expression.Results (1) For the group G+P,there were statistical differences in the expression levels of p-Akt protein between 1 h,4 h,8 h and 24 h(P＜0.01),The p-Akt protein reached the peak level at 4 hours (0.85±0.03),there were statistical differences in the expression levels of HIF-1α protein between 1 h,4 h,8 h and 24 h(P＜0.01),the HIF-1α expression reached the peak level at 8 hours(1.00±0.13).(2) The expression of HIF-1α in all the groups at 8 hours time point:the expression levels of HIF-1α in the group P and group G+P were significantly higher than those in the group NS (P＜0.01) and the expression levels of HIF1α in the group G+P were higher than those in the group P(P＜0.01).Using wortmannin,the PI3K/Akt specific inhibitor,HIF-1α protein expression in the group G+P+W and P+W was significantly decreased when compared with the group G+P and P (P＜0.01).(3)The expression of p-Akt in all the groups at 4 hours time point:the expression levels of p-Akt in the group P and group G+P were significantly higher than those in the group NS (P＜0.01) and the expression levels of p-Akt in the group G+P were higher than those in the group P (P＜ 0.01).Using wortmannin,p-Akt protein expression in the group G+P+W and P+W was significantly decreased when compared with the group G+P and P (P＜0.01).Conclusion GKB can activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,and the pathway is involved in regulating the expression of HIF-1α.

Current studies on the essence and theory of the meridian sinews are mainly based on anatomical approaches and lack the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).This paper explores the holistic relationship between the external nature,internal organs,and internal sinews;the inherent relationship between the sinews and qi and blood in movement,function and system;and the balanced relationship between up and down,left and right,front and back,angle and rectangle based on functional line.The authors hold that establishing the theoretical system of meridian sinews should be and must be placed in a multi-dimensional interconnected network so as to break the shackles of current tendon studies.

Objective To review the clinical features of the patients received massive transfusion (MT) in plastic surgery department.Methods Ten cases were reviewed.The reason of massive transfusion,the type and dosage of transfusion,the reaction of patients were included.For all the patients,consultation of related department preoperatively was necessary.Based on the through and detailed analysis of the patients' condition,necessary blood product should be prepared ahead of operation.During the therapy,adjustment of treatment plan was made from time to time,according to the patient's condition.Therefore efficient and prompt therapeutic result was achieved.Results In all the 10 MT cases suffered from acute blood loss,2 of them were in hemorrhagic shock before administration.Coagulation disorders happened in 2 patients,and recovered after appropriate treatment.RBC,which was 58.3％ of total amount of transfusion,used most commonly;the second was fresh frozen plasma (FFP),which was 38.6％ according to the total amount.All the patients had satisfactory recovery,without hemolysis or any other functional disorder.Conclusions For MT patients in the Department of Plastic Surgery,the main proposes are to restore and maintain an effective circulatory blood volume,while preventing the coagulation disorder.Also,detailed analysis,through consultation and timely adjustment are of great importance for the MT patients.It is also the essential of an effective perioperative management.

AIM:This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which celoside I enhances mitophagy in a model of optic nerve injury through regulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/c-Jun signaling pathway.METHODS:Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups:sham surgery,model,mecobalamin,and experimental group.Optic nerve injury was induced in the model,mecobala-min,and experimental groups,while the sham surgery group underwent a sham procedure.The mecobalamin group re-ceived mecobalamin,the experimental group received celoside I,and the sham surgery and model groups received saline.Interventions were administered daily for 28 d.Various techniques including endoscopy,hematoxylin-eosin(HE)stain-ing,TUNEL method,immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to assess fundus condition,retinal mor-phology,apoptosis,ROS expression,and protein levels in the retina.RESULTS:Fundus examination revealed im-proved blood flow in the mecobalamin and experimental groups compared to the model group.Retinal morphology showed enhanced retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in the mecobalamin and experimental groups.Apoptosis index was lower in the mecobalamin group compared to the experimental group.Immunofluorescence staining indicated reduced ROS and P62 ex-pression and increased parkin and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3)expression in the experimental group compared to the mecobalamin group.Protein analysis showed decreased JNK,c-Jun,and P62 levels,and increased parkin and LC3 levels in the mecobalamin and experimental groups compared to the model group.CONCLUSION:Celo-side I reduces ROS expression,inhibits the JNK/c-Jun pathway,enhances mitophagy,reduces apoptosis,and protects RGCs in optic nerve injury models.