DNA typing of biological samples is an important step in performing individual identification and paternity testing in forensic applications. In practice, the detection of complex biological samples and the identification of complex kinships are challenging current biological technologies. Novel DNA technologies are also introduced into forensic genetics to improve the power of analysis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has several advantages, such as high-throughput and low cost, and can obtain detailed DNA sequences and relative contents of targeted regions, which will improve the detection of biological samples to help the analysis of forensic cases. The application of NGS in forensic genetics has received extensive attention and reports on the application of NGS in forensic genetics are increasing. In this study, we summarized the progress in the application research of NGS in the forensic genetics including the detection of genetic markers and their analytical methods. This will provide guides for related studies and forensic applications.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of modified Taohong Siwu Decoction on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats based on transcriptome sequencing.Methods Totally 15 SPF rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,model group and modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group,with 5 rats in each group.The modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group was pre-administered with modified Taohong Siwu Decoction by gavage for 5 days,while the sham-operation group and model group were given equal volume of distilled water by gavage,myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury rat model was established.The cardiac function of the rats was assessed using echocardiography,serum oxidative stress and inflammatory factor contents were detected using reagent kits,TUNEL staining was used to detect myocardial cell apoptosis,transcriptome sequencing was performed on myocardial tissue,and differential expression genes were analyzed using Venn diagram and heatmap.GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on common differentially expressed genes.RT-qPCR was used to validate differentially expressed genes PTX3 and EGR2.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,the EF and FS of the model group rats significantly decreased(P<0.01),the cells apoptosis rate of myocardial tissue and serum LDH,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 contents significantly increased(P<0.01),and SOD activity and IL-10 content significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group showed a significant increase in EF and FS(P<0.05),while the cell apoptosis rate of myocardial tissue and serum CK-MB,LDH,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 contents significantly decreased(P<0.01),and SOD activity and IL-10 content significantly increased(P<0.01).Transcriptome sequencing revealed 4 227 differentially expressed genes(2 259 upregulated and 1 968 downregulated)between the sham-operation group and the model group,1 933 differentially expressed genes(1 301 upregulated and 632 downregulated)between the sham-operation group and the modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group,and 94 differentially expressed genes(46 upregulated and 48 downregulated)between the model group and the modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group.There were 35 common differential genes in the three groups,and the differential genes were mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,ubiquitin mediated proteolysis,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,sphingolipid signaling pathway,cell cycle,chemokine signaling pathway,lipid and atherosclerosis.RT-qPCR showed that gene expressions of PTX3 and EGR2 in myocardial tissue of the model group were significantly increased than that of the sham-operation group,and the gene expressions of PTX2 and EGR2 of modified Taohong Siwu Decoction group were significantly decreased than that of the model group(P<0.01).Conclusion Modified Taohong Siwu Decoction exhibits a certain protective effect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats,characterized by improvements in rat cardiac function,reduction in cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine release,as well as alleviation of oxidative stress levels.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of PTX3 and EGR2 gene expression.