Objective: To observe the efficacy and safety of analgesic drugs in the standardized treatment of cancer pain patients at the pain clinic. Methods: The data of 787 cancer pain patients and their corresponding prescriptions for cancer pain were collected from April, 2012 to April, 2013 at the pain clinic. The obtained information comprise of diseases that lead to cancer pain, cause of pain, pain intensity, and efficacy and side effects of medications. Diseases that caused cancer pain include 658 cases with primary malignant lung cancer. Results: Pain was mainly caused by primary lung cancer in 787 cancer-related patients. An analgesic drug, namely, oxycodone hydrochloride, was administered in 54.6% via single drug therapy. The daily dosage range of this drug was 20 to 90 mg/d in 280 cases. About 35.6% of the studied patients with a daily dosage of 90 mg/d or lower had their pain effectively managed. After the treatment, the number of cases with moderate to severe pain was reduced from 437 (55.5%) to 248 (31.5%). The oral administration of opioid oxycodone hydrochloride tablets ranked first among the prescribed drugs for cancer pain, and single-drug therapy was the choice of medication. The majority of patients had satisfactory pain-relief with a daily dosage of less than 90 mg/d upon the administration of oxycodone hydrochloride sustained-release tablets and morphine sulfate controlled-release tablets. Side effects included mild constipation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, loss of appetite, urinary retention, somnolence, and so on. Intervention treatment was needed in most of the patients. Conclusion: Pain clinic is critical in the administration of standardized treatment for cancer pain in hospitals. The establishment of pain clinic ensures the standardized treatment of cancer pain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEIt ha been proven that serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration was elevated significantly after surgery in patients of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Platelet may be the main resource of serum VEGF. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between postoperative dynamic changes of serum VEGF levels and platelet counts in patients of NSCLC who underwent surgery.

METHODSSerum VEGF levels were determined in 76 patients of NSCLC who were treated with surgery by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) method before operation and on postoperative day 1, 7. At the same day the concentrations of platelet were determined. RESULTS (1) Serum VEGF in patients of NSCLC on preoperative day, postoperative 1 day and 7 day were (842.06 +/- 527.24) pg/mL, (1 119.28 +/- 609.62) pg/mL, (1 574.09 +/- 873.38) pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001); (2) Platelet counts in patients of NSCLC on preoperative day, postoperative 1 day and 7 day were (230.42 +/- 82.56 x 10(9)/L, (196.47 +/- 81.48) x 10(9)/L, (237.90 +/- 86.94) x 10(9)/L; the value on postoperative 1 day was the lowest (P < 0.001); (3) On postoperative 7 day, serum VEGF in the group of lower than the mean and higher than the mean were respectively (1 398.81 +/- 734.00) pg/mL and (1 842.86 +/- 1 006.63) pg/mL (P = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONSerum VEGF in patients of NSCLC after surgery were elevated. In the group of higher platelet counts, serum VEGF increased more significantly.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; blood ; surgery ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; blood ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Count ; Postoperative Period ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; blood

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 47 young NSCLC patients mutation style of EGFR and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, to understand their clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Methods We enrolled 47 young (≤40 years old) patients confirmed as NSCLC who underwent surgical resection, and 94 old patients (≥60 years old) were matched as 1:2 by R language. EGFR mutation status was detected by ARMS-PCR, and the expression of PD-L1 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The median age of 47 young patients with NSCLC was 37 years old. The disease was more common in women and the majority type was adenocarcinoma. In youth group, the 19del and 20ins were more frequent, but the exon 21 L858R point mutation proportion was higher in elder group. The expression of PD-L1 was significantly increased in the solid predominant histological subtype. The PD-L1 expression in 19del patients was higher than that in the patients with L858R mutation in youth group. Conclusion The majority of young NSCLC patients are female, nonsmokers and suffered from adenocarcinoma cancer. The proportion of EGFR alteration in 19del and 20ins in youth group is higher than that in elder group. The positive rate of PD-L1 expression in solid predominant histological subtype is higher than that with other subtypes. The expression of PD-L1 in young patients with EGFR 19del is higher than that with L858R.

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) process is an efficient and low-cost biological nitrogen removal process. However, it still faces some challenges in mainstream applications due to the limitation of substrate types and nitrate accumulation. In recent years, the combined process of anammox has been widely studied to solve the above problems. In this paper, the combined processes of anammox developed in recent years are reviewed, and discussed from the process principle, advantages and disadvantages, influencing factors, process extensibility and the key bottlenecks existing in the promotion and application, as well as the relevant work of the subject group. Finally, we take an outlook on the development of the combined anaerobic ammonia oxidation process in municipal domestic wastewater treatment.
Ammonium Compounds ; Anaerobiosis ; Bioreactors ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sewage ; Waste Water

BACKGROUND: New treatment methods such as targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied to lung cancer patients. It is necessary to further understand the patients with lung cancer combined with pulmonary tuberculosis with the development of lung cancer research. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the status of driver genes, and their relationships. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 405 patients with lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis hospitalized in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2019. The relationship between clinical characteristics and driver genes status was analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 405 patients with lung cancer combined with pulmonary tuberculosis, 77.3% were male and 85.3% were patients with a history of smoking. The pathological type was mainly lung adenocarcinoma. When there were cavities in chest computed tomography (CT) , squamous cell carcinoma was the main type. 214 patients underwent driver genes testing. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation rate was 35.9%, of which 41.8% were exon 19 deletion mutations and 50.9% were exon 21 L858R mutations. When there were cavities in the chest CT, the EGFR mutation rate was significantly reduced (16.1%). The positive rate of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene detection was 2.5%, the mutation rate of c-ros oncogene 1 receptor kinase (ROS1) gene was 1.9%, the mutation rate of V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene was 1.1%, and the mutation rate of Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) gene was 10.1%. The genetic mutation rate of female patients with lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis was 50.0%, and that of men was 27.9%. CONCLUSIONS Patients with lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis are predominantly male with smoking history. Adenocarcinoma is the most common pathological type. The positive rate of gene mutation was not significantly different from that of simple lung cancer, but when there were cavities in the chest image, the genetic mutation rate was significantly reduced.

Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Pulmonary Blastoma

Objective To analyze the effects of different supplements on anemia related indexes in rural children. Methods A stratified method was adopted, and six villages (towns) in and around Qinghai Province were selected as intervention sits for the present study. A total of 304 children from 2 to 6 years old at each intervention site meeting the inclusion criteria were screened and divided into three groups (A, B, and C), who were intervened for 3 months. Serum vitamin A, vitamin D and hemoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention. Results The hemoglobin level of 304 children before intervention was (118.65±16.07) g /L, and the prevalence of anemia was 9.54%. The vitamin A value, vitamin D value and hemoglobin value were increased after three months of the intervention. The changes of vitamin A value, vitamin D value and hemoglobin value in rural children in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B. The increase in vitamin A value in rural children aged 3 years was significantly higher than that in other age groups, and the increase in hemoglobin in rural children of 1 year old was significantly higher than that in other age groups. The increase in vitamin A value of rural children of other ethnic groups (mainly Tibetans) was significantly higher than that of Han and Hui nationalities, and the increase of hemoglobin value in Hui rural children was significantly higher than that in Han and other ethnic groups. Conclusion Vitamin A combined with iron dextran tablets was effective in preventing anemia in rural children.

The facultative anaerobic and strict anaerobic microorganisms enriched and acclimated during the anaerobic digestion process are crucial for the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion system. Most of the problems encountered during running anaerobic digestion processes could be effectively improved via stimulation of microbial metabolic activity. Benefited from the rapid development of microbiome techniques, deeper insights into the microbial diversity in anaerobic digestion systems, e.g. the microbe-microbe interactions and microbe-environment interactions, have been gained. A complex and intricate metabolic network exists in the anaerobic digestion system of solid organic wastes. However, little is known about these interactions and the underlying mechanisms. This review briefly summarized the representative interactions between microbial communities during anaerobic digestion process discovered to date. In addition, typical issues encountered during the anaerobic digestion of solid organic wastes and how microbes can tackle and alleviate these issues were discussed. Finally, future priorities on microbiome research were proposed based on present contribution of microbiome analysis in anaerobic digestion system.
Anaerobiosis ; Bioreactors ; Methane ; Microbial Interactions ; Microbiota ; Solid Waste

BACKGROUND: In recent years, a number of clinical trials have shown that immunocheckpoint inhibitors (ICI) have brought survival benefits to patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, such clinical trials comprise cohorts selected based on strict and complex entry and exclusion criteria, and the results cannot fully reflect the real world situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in the real world, as well as possible prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients with advanced NSCLC receiving immunotherapy in Beijing Chest Hospital from January 2017 to July 2019 were retrospectively collected, and the following information were collected: curative effect, progression-free surival (PFS) and adverse reactions. The occurrence of adverse reactions and clinical curative effect and prognosis factors that may be relevant were explored. RESULTS: 34 patients were enrolled in this study, median PFS was 5.66 months (95%CI: 4.48-6.84), grade 1-2 and 3-4 incidence of adverse events was 61.71% (22/34) and 14.71% (5/34), there were 3 patients (8.82%) experienced fatal immune related adverse events (irAE), 2 cases were immune associated pneumonia, 1 case was immune related myocarditis. Univariate analysis showed that tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and metastatic site were correlated with median PFS (P<0.05), and multivariate analysis showed that patients with extrapulmonary metastasis (OR=6.42, P=0.029) and pleural metastasis (OR=14.14, P=0.006) had shorter median PFS. CONCLUSIONS In the real world, immunotherapy has good efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC, but the incidence of severe irAE is also higher. Distant metastasis and pleural metastasis are poor prognostic factors for advanced NSCLC patients receiving immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid growth, early metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Studies have proved that the stem cell marker CD44 is correlated with tumor recurrence and treatment resistance, however, there are limited reports yet concerning on the CD44 expression and its clinical prognostic significance in SCLC patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of CD44 in tumor tissues as well as serum of SCLC patients and explore its correlation with the clinical characteristics, therapeutic effect and prognosis. METHODS: The tumor tissues and serum samples of 47 newly diagnosed SCLC patients were collected. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were applied to detect CD44. The relationship between CD44 level and the clinical characteristics as well as prognosis of the patients was analyzed. RESULTS: The stem cell marker CD44 was detectable both in serum sample and tumor tissue of SCLC patients. The positive rate of CD44 in tumor tissue was significantly higher in patients with performance status (PS) 2 than that of patients with PS 0-1 (85.71% vs 30%, P=0.017). Patients were divided in to different groups according to the treatment efficacy. The CD44 immunohistochemical score and serum level in the disease progression group were significantly higher than those in the disease control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.006, P=0.034), Univariate analysis depicted that the progression-free survival (PFS) of CD44 positive patients was significantly shorter than that of CD44 negative patients (5.23 mon vs 9.03 mon, P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS The positive expression of CD44 in tumor tissues of pre-treatment SCLC patients is correlated with poor PFS. The clinical significance of CD44 is worthy to be further studied.