To explore the model of the standardized training for health management talents by referring to the standardized training for resident-doctors.This article analyzed the necessities of the model of the standardized training for health management talents from two aspects.After that,it elaborated on the significance of standardized training.At last,it proposed some ideas about constructing the standardized training for health management talents.

[Objective] This study was designed to determine Th1, Th2 cell numbers and investigate T-bet mRNA, GATA-3 mRNA expression of spleen MNC in a mufine asthmatic model which intended to understand effect of airway T-bet plasmid gene transfer on Th differentiation. [ Methods] A mouse asthmatic model was established by sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). Thirty-two C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (8 mice in each group): the normal control group (group A ), the asthmatic model group (group B), the pcDNA3 plasmid group (group C), the pcDNA3-T-bet group (group D). All animals were sensitized and challenged with OVA, except group A normal saline was applied. The group C was intranasally administered 50 μg pcDNA3 plasmid at 24 h before intranasal challenges, and the 50 μg pcDNA3-T-bet plasmid for the mice of group D. We investigated Th1 and Th2 cell numbers by FACS and T-bet, GATA-3mRNA expression of spleen mononuclear cells (MNC) by semi-quantitative PCR in the four groups. [Result] Th1 percent in spleen MNC of pcDNA3-T-bet treated mice was significantly increased ([2.29±1.551% vs. [1.93±1.141%, P<0.05), while Th2 percent was significantly decreased ([0.93±0.64]% vs. [1.63±0.59]%), compared with that of the asthmatic control group mice by FACS. Spleen MNC was detected a high level of T-bet mRNA expression (0.53±0.027 vs. 0.28±0.035, P<0.05) and a low level of GATA-3 mRNA expression (0.24±0.022 vs. 0.58±0.038, P<0.05) after pcDNA3-T-bet treatment by RT-PCR. There was no significant change between the pcDNA3 plasmid group and the asthmatic model group. [Conclusion] The intranasal transfer of pcDNA3-T-bet plasmid was effective in modulating the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in mice asthma model, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for transferring transcriptional factor in allergic asthma.

AIM: To investigate the effect of T-bet plasmid gene transfer to airway on allergen induced airway inflammation in a murine asthmatic model. METHODS: A mouse asthma model was established by sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). Forty C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice in each group): the normal control group (group A), the asthmatic model group (group B), the pcDNA3 plasmid group (group C), and the pcDNA3-T-bet group (group D). The animals in group B, C and D were sensitized and challenged with OVA. The animals in group A were applied with normal saline. pcDNA3 plasmid at dose of 50 μg was intranasally administered at 24 h before intranasal challenges to the mice in group C, and the 50 μg pcDNA3-T-bet plasmid for the mice in group D. Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and lung tissues were resected at 48 h after OVA challenge for later assay. RESULTS: After administration with pcDNA3-T-bet plasmid, high level of T-bet expression at 48 h was detected in the lung tissue by Western blotting. In pcDNA3-T-bet treated asthmatic models, histological evaluation revealed the significant suppression of eosinophil peribronchial and perivascular infiltration, and reduction of epithelial damage. The numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BALF from pcDNA3-T-bet treated mice were significantly reduced compared to those in asthmatic control group (P<0.05). The level of IL-4 in BALF was significantly decreased in pcDNA3-T-bet group compared to that in asthmatic control group (P<0.05), while the level of IFN-γ in BALF was significantly increased in pcDNA3-T-bet group. No significant change of inflammation cells and cytokines in pcDNA3 plasmid group and asthmatic control group was observed (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Intranasal pcDNA3-T-bet plasmid transfer inhibits asthmatic airway inflammation in the murine asthmatic model, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for allergic asthma.

Objective To study the median nutrient content of customers' ordering in the restaurants in Beijing.Methods The median contents of nutrients regarding ordering/per person from the customers were estimated,via combining the nutrient content of menu offering.Data,based on all weights of ingredients and Chinese food composition with all the ordered records from customers,was collected within a set period of time,from 2011 to 2013.Nutrition status was then estimated,under the Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF).Results The median energy intake reached 4 973.9 (P25-P75:3 575.6-6 971.0) kJ and 88.2％ of the tables were exceeding the recommended energy limits,respectively,with 3 347.2 kJ for lunch and 2 510.4 kJ for dinner.Data was gathered from three restaurants in Beijing.In all the three restaurants,the median nutrient contents appeared 70％ outnumbered the daily value of fat and cholesterol.The median sodium contents (87.9％) were also over the standard set for sodium adequate intake.In addition,the median nutrition on fibers,calcium,vitamin A,vitamin C and vitamin E were far below the recommended nutritional intakes (RNI),in the ordering.For NRF9.3,the Wenzhou restaurant showed the highest score (5.50) but the restaurant in Yunnan appeared the lowest (2.26),with difference statistically significant (P＜0.001).Conclusion Eating-out habit ended in taking low nutrition with higher limited nutrients,but with low recommended nutrients,when compared to the recommended Chinese Dietary Reference Intake.

Objective: To summarize the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or ventricular pre-excitation. Methods: One hundred and seventy-nine consecutive children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or ventricular pre-excitation who were hospitalized at Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and planned to accept radiofrequency ablations were selected.Electrocardiogram and echocardiography were completed and detailed clinical data were collected before ablations.Anterograde refractory period of accessory pathways (ERPAPA) and retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction were measured during electrophysiology studies.The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of these children were analyzed. Results: The ratio of left-sided to right-sided accessory pathways was 1.001.93(61 cases vs.118 cases). Six out of 61 patients with left-sided accessory pathways were verified by electrophysiology study.There was no statistical difference of P-R interval and QRS duration between patients with right-sided and left-sided accessory pathways(all P>0.05). Twelve patients were combined with congenital heart diseases.Fourteen patients with right-sided accessory pathways were of ventricular pre-excitation induced dilated cardiomyopathy.ERPAPA was measured successfully in 110 patients, ERPAPA less than 250 ms accounted for 32.7%(36/110 cases). Six children with two pathways were recognized.Antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia was induced in 3 children.One child had slow conduction pathway localized in right-sided septum. Conclusions Right-sided overt accessory pathways are more common in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or ventricular pre-excitation.Organic heart diseases are not uncommon.Besides congenital heart disease, a small proportion of patients with right overt accessory pathways may develop ventricular pre-excitatory induced dilated cardiomyopathy resulting from ventricular wall dyskinesia.Most of the decremental retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction is the characteristic of ventricular muscles rather than the accessory pathways in nature.Two pathways are not uncommon in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or ventricular pre-excitation.Before finishing radiofrequency ablation, the anterograde and retrograde function of the accessory pathway should be evaluated in detail again because it is easy to neglect the existence of another accessory pathway.

Objective: The study assessed the clinical characteristics and response to acute intravenous antiarrhythmic drug therapy of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children. Methods: This was a multicenter prospective descriptive study including 257 children from First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Peking University First Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics and Beijing Anzhen Hospital who received intravenous antiarrhythmic drug therapy for SVT from July 2014 to February 2017. The clinical and tachycardia features, response to intravenous antiarrhythmic drug therapy of these children were characterized. Statistical analyses were performed using t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test and H test. Results: The onset of SVT occurred at any age with a distribution with positive skewness, 57.6% (n=148) children<1 year, 17.5% (n=45) children1~<3 years, 10.5% (n=27) children 3~<6 years and 14.4% (n=37) children ≥ 6 years of age. The percentages of SVT types were 49.4% (n=127) for atrioventricular reentry tachycardia (AVRT), 4.3% (n=11) for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), 26.8% (n=69) for unclassified paroxysmal SVT and 19.5% (n=50) for atrial tachycardia (AT), respectively. Tachycardia-induced cardionyopathy (TIC) secondary to SVT developed in 30 of 225 (13.3%). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the 27 children attacked by TIC returned to normal after successful control of SVT (41.1%±6.3% vs. 60.3%±9.2%, t=-10.397, P=0.000). Complete termination of SVT by antiarrhythmic drugs was achieved in 164 of 257 (63.8%), partial termination rate was 18.7% (48 of 257) and failure to terminate rate was 17.5% (45 of 257). Propafenone (complete cardioversion in 98 (73.1%) of 134) and amiodarone (complete cardioversion in 23 (76.7%) of 30) showed better efficacy for SVT termination than adenosine (complete cardioversion in 26 (44.1%) 59) (χ²=20.524, P=0.000). Paroxysmal SVT had a higher termination rate on pharmacological therapy than AT (67.1% vs. 50.0%, χ²=6.337, P=0.042). Patients of different age groups had significantly different response to antiarrhythmic therapy (χ²=13.904, P=0.031). Children<1 year of age showed the least response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy with complete termination in 51 (55.4%) of 92. Adverse effects occurred in 9 patients (3.5%): Four patients had severe hypotensive shock using propafenone (n=3) and adenosine (n=1), and 3 patients had sinus arrest using adenosine. Conclusion Most (57.6%) children with SVT have their first clinical episode within 1 year of age, and AVRT is the most common type. TIC occurs in 13.3% of children with SVT. Intravenous antiarrhythmic drug therapy has a 63.8% complete termination rate for children with SVT and incidence of adverse effects is 3.5%. Propafenone and amiodarone are more effective for SVT termination in children than adenosine. Serious adverse effects may occur when using propafenone.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy(TIC) in children and assess the risk factors for the development of TIC. Method: One hundred and eighty-three patients were recruited in four hospitals of Beijing diagnosed as SVT were divided into two groups depending on whether or not complicated with TIC. The age, gender, tachycardia type, ventricular rate during tachycardia, frequency of tachycardia episodes and duration of tachycardia were compared between the two groups and risk factors associated with TIC were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using t test, Mann-Whitney U and χ² test. Result: Totally 183 patients were included in this study (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, PSVT, n=149; atrial tachycardia, AT, n=34). The incidence of TIC was 13.1%. There was significant difference regarding the incidence of TIC between children with AT and children with PSVT (26.5% vs. 10.1%, χ²=6.537, P=0.011). The percentage of AT in patients with TIC was significantly higher than patients without TIC (37.5% vs. 15.7%, χ²=6.537, P=0.011). Patients with TIC had a higher frequency of tachycardia episodes(2.5(1.0-4.8) beats/year vs 4.0(1.0-10.0) beats/year, Z=-2.223, P=0.026)and longer duration of tachycardia(11.0(1.1-36.0) h vs 2.5(1.0-12.0) h, Z=-2.154, P=0.031)compared with patients without TIC. Multivariate predictors of TIC was longer duration of tachycardia (OR=2.041, P=0.028). Conclusion TIC occurs in 13.1% of children with SVT. The incidence of TIC in children with AT is higher than in children with PSVT. Risk factor for the development of TIC is longer duration of tachycardia.

Objective To survey the mean sodium content of menu offering and customers' orderings on sodium when eating out.Methods All weights of ingredients of menu offerings at three Chinese restaurants with Wenzhou,Shandong,and Yunnan cuisines,in Beijing,were collected and their sodium values were estimated based on data from the Chinese Food Composition.All records from customers' orders were collected in a certain period of time from year 2011 to 2013.The mean sodium content of ordering per person and the proportion of all orders exceeding the recommended daily sodium limit that applicable to most native Chinese,were estimated.Results Of all the menu offerings,hot dishes (1 728.6 mg; P25,P75:1 198.7,2 482.8) and soup dishes (2 101.5 mg;P25,P75:1 467.8,2 291.2) had the highest sodium contents,followed by cold dressed dishes (790.7 mg; P25,P75:128.1,1 472.9) staple foods (802.9 mg; P25,P75:115.1,1 563.2) while the beverages having the lowest sodium contents (17.0 mg;P25,P75:2.0,19.5) (P＜0.05).Meat dishes (1 796.3 mg;P25,P75:1 303.9,2 670.3) contained more sodium than vegetable dishes (1 105.5 mg; P25,P75:423.6,1 628.6)(P＜0.001).The median sodium contents in per person orderings were 2 325.6 mg (P25,P75:1 700.7,3 213.8) for lunch and 2 542.5 mg (P25,P75:1 857.5,3 498.1) for dinner.Current dietary guideline recommended for Chinese adults was:in general,the amount of consumption should not exceed 2 400 mg of sodium per day.Based on the recornmended optimal daily calories intake ratio as 3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3for breakfast,lunch,and dinner,we would suggest that the sodium intake should follow the amount as 960 mg for lunch and 720 mg for dinner.Our data indicated that 97.5％ of the ordered meals appeared that they were over the recommended sodium limit and 76,5％ of the tables showed two times more than the limit of recommendation.Conclusion Soup and hot dishes provided at these three restaurants contained more sodium contents.People ordered dishes at restaurants would contain more sodium than the recommended Chinese daily sodium intake.

Objective To explore the condition on bike lanes and the relationship with GDP of the related cities,residential of regions and prosperity of streets in 12 selected cities in China.Methods Eexistence and maintenance of bike lanes were examinedin in all the streets under survey in 333 blocks of 12 cities (Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Qingdao,Hangzhou,Shaoxing,Suzhou,Nantong,Zhenjiang,Chengdu,Xining and Harbin).Data were collected on GDP of the related cities,together with the sizes of population and proportion of the 333 blocksand the numbers of stores and restaurants in those streets.Results A total of 4 202 streets were included in the study.In the 12 cities,32.6％ of the streets were equipped with bike lanes.Bike-lane-equipmentsseemed better in Nantong (46.5％),Tianjin (39.6％) and Shanghai (39.4％),but the scores were lower in Xining (2.0％),Qingdao (5.4％),and Harbin (27.1％).The higher GDP was,the better bike lanes were equipped.In the meantime,the isolation of bike lanes were worse and the streets more crowded.Density of the residential area was negatively correlated with the score on bike lane-equipments.Conclusion Differences of the condition of bike lanes in the 12 cities indicated that improvement should be made on bike lanes.More attention should be paid to those cities with high GDPs and crowded residential regions on setting up the isolated bike lanes and reasonable equipments.

Objective To explore the deployment of sidewalks and the possible relationship with local GDP,population density and prosperity of streets in 12 cities selected in China.Methods For all the streets in 333 blocks of 12 cities surveyed (Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Qingdao,Hangzhou,Shaoxing,Suzhou,Nantong,Zhenjiang,Chengdu,Xining and Harbin),the deployment and management of sidewalks were observed.And we collected the GDP data of the 12 cities,the population data of 333 blocks,and the numbers of stores and restaurants along the streets.Results A total of 4 255 streets were included in the study.In the 12 cities,71.1％ of the streets had sidewalks.The deployment rates of sidewalks was high in Qingdao (91.9％) and Harbin (90.6％),and low in Suzhou (48.6％) and Shaoxing (52.6％),the differences were significant.The higher GDP of city was,the more sidewalks were deployed.But on the other hand there were more parking cars and obstacles on the sidewalks.The higher the population density was,the worse the condition of sidewalks was.Conclusions The survey of sidewalks in the 12 cities indicated that efforts could be made to improve the condition of sidewalks.Attention should be paid not only to the deployment of sidewalks,but also the management of sidewalks.Reasonable deployment of sidewalks should be considered according to the local population density and traffic flow.