Objective To explore the neuroprotective effects ofβ-aescinate on brain edema in rats of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods A total of 78 male SD (Sprague Dawley) rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group (Sham), traumatic brain injury group (TBI) andβ-aescinate group, with 26 rats in each group. Rats of Sham group were anesthetized and surgically prepared only, but were not induced by cortical contusion. Electronic brain cortical damage impactor (eCCI) was used for establishing TBI model in TBI group and β-aescinate group after opening the bone window. TBI group was only established TBI model, but no intervention. After establishment of TBI model in β-aescinate group, β-aescinate (5 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally injected, once every 24 hours. The modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) was used for evaluating changes of neurological function. After 48 hours, SD rats were sacrificed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (n=6). Additionally, water content of the brain tissue was evaluated using the wet-to-dry weight ratio (n=10). Evans blue assay was performed to investigate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (n=4). The expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was measured by Western blot assay (n=6). Results Compared with the Sham group, neurologic deficit, increased brain water content and the expression of AQP4 were found in TBI group (all P<0.05). Moreover, BBB permeability was destroyed. However, β-aescinate can improve the neurological function, reduce the brain water content and significantly decrease the expression of AQP4 in TBI rats. The BBB permeability was significantly improved in treatment group (all P<0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that β-aescinate can reduce cerebral edema and improve neurological outcome in SD rats after TBI. This neuroprotection may be related with the down-regulation of AQP4 protein.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on inflammatory factors after acute spinal cord injury, and the mechanisms thereof. Methods A total of 54 clean and healthy adult female SD rats were divided into three groups according to the principle of randomization:simple laminectomy group (Sham group), spinal cord injury group (SCI group) and N-acetylcysteine group (NAC group), with 18 rats in each group. The Sham group was treated with T9-10 laminectomy only without spinal cord injury. Aneurysm clamp was used to establish rat model of T9-10 spinal cord injury in SCI group and NAC group. At the time of 15 min and 12 h after injury, the rats of NAC group were injected N-acetylcysteine intraperitoneally (150 mg/kg). At the time of 24 h post modeling, 12 rats were sacrificed in each group for observing the severity of tissue injury by using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining (6 rats), and detecting the contents of inflammation factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α and interleukin (IL)- 6 by using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (6 rats). The remaining 6 rats in each group were raised for 8 weeks. During the first week, the ones in NAC group were injected NAC twice a day at 12 h intervals for 7 d. Additionally, the neurological function evaluation was performed at week 1, week 2, week 4, week 6 and week 8 after injury in rats by using the spinal cord injury motor function score (BBB) and the inclined plate test. Results The results of HE staining showed that the spinal cord was intact without hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration in Sham group. The morphology and inflammatory status were significantly worse in SCI group than those in NAC group and Sham group. The results of ELISA showed that the expressions of TNF-αand IL-6 were significantly higher in SCI group and NAC group than those in Sham group (P<0.05), while the expression levels of TNF-αand IL-6 were significantly lower in NAC group than those of SCI group (P<0.05). The BBB scores and inclined plate test showed that both were significantly lower in SCI group and NAC group than those of Sham group (P<0.05), and the results were better in NAC group than those of SCI group. Conclusion NAC may promote the recovery of neurological function in rats by reducing the local inflammatory response through diminishing the contents of TNF-αand IL-6 in spinal cord.

Objective:To identify the feasibility of inferior vena cava variability (ΔDIVC) combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction in predicting the outcome of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).Methods:From January to December 2021, the patients with the need for IMV admitted to the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University were recruited into prospective case-control study. The patients who met the withdrawal criteria were treated with a 2-h spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and then extubated immediately. Patients with stable spontaneous breathing after extubation for more than 48 h were classified as successful weaning group, and on the contrary, the other patients were classified as failed weaning group. The clinical data and withdrawal indexes of the two groups were evaluated. The correlation between ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction was assessed. The influencing factors of weaning outcome were observed. The diagnostic value of ΔD IVC, rectus femoris atrophy fraction and the combination of two indexes in predicting weaning success were calculated by a plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:Sixty IMV patients were included in this study, including 38 cases of successful weaning and 22 cases of failed weaning. The two groups were comparable with regard to clinical data (all P>0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area in the two groups diminished gradually with the length of ICU stay ( F=3.266, 3.625, both P<0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area at the first SBT was significantly lower than that on the first day of admission in both groups [the successful weaning group: (2.54±0.88) cm 2vs. (3.08±0.98) cm 2; the failed weaning group: (2.22±0.87) cm 2vs. (3.02±1.10) cm 2, both P<0.05], but there was no significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). Patients in the successful weaning group had higher ΔD IVC and higher rectus femoris atrophy fraction than those in the weaning failure group [ΔD IVC: (25.02±4.65)% vs. (20.30±3.16)%; rectus femoris atrophy fraction: (81.89±5.09)% vs. (72.68±8.98)%, both P<0.05]. There was a positive correlation between ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction ( r=0.346, P=0.007). Both ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction played an important role in affecting weaning success (all P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of ΔD IVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for predicting the weaning success was 0.880, which was significantly higher than that of ΔD IVC (AUC=0.791) or rectus femoris atrophy fraction (AUC=0.826). Conclusions:The predictive value of ΔD IVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for successful weaning of patients undergoing IMV is relatively accurate, which can be used to guide weaning.

Objective:To analyze the composition and differences of amenable mortality in urban and rural areas in China, 2010 and 2017.Methods:With the national mortality rates in 2010 and 2017 calculated by the National Bureau of Statistics and the National Health Commission as the reference, the underreporting rate from diseases was adjusted in combination with the cause-of-death surveillance data published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Center for Health Statistics and Information, National Health Commission. Age-standardized mortality was calculated by using a direct method based on the population census in 2010. Differences of the mortality in two years were compared, and the proportion of amenable mortality of different diseases in the total amenable mortality was calculated.Results:In 2010 and 2017, the age-standardized total mortality of non-communicable diseases was 536.4/100 000 and 493.6/100 000, respectively. The age-standardized amenable mortality rates were 107.6/100 000 and 96.0/100 000, respectively. Compared with 2010, the mortality of four major non-communicable diseases declined in 2017. The fastest declined amenable mortality was in with an average annual growth rate of -5.6%, followed by chronic respiratory diseases (-2.5%). Among the 11 subdivided non-communicable diseases, the age-standardized mortality of hypertension, chronic rheumatic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease declined, with an average annual growth rate of -6.7%, -5.8% and -3.0%, respectively. The proportion of amenable mortality from cerebrovascular disease was the highest among the 11 subdivided non-communicable diseases in 2010 and 2017, from 52.4% to 47.2%, followed by ischemic heart disease with an increase from 27.4% to 34.5%.Conclusion:Compared with that in 2010, the amenable mortality of non-communicable chronic diseases in urban and rural areas in China declined in 2017, of which cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease account for more than 80%.

Objective:To analyze the composition and differences of amenable mortality in urban and rural areas in China, 2010 and 2017.Methods:With the national mortality rates in 2010 and 2017 calculated by the National Bureau of Statistics and the National Health Commission as the reference, the underreporting rate from diseases was adjusted in combination with the cause-of-death surveillance data published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Center for Health Statistics and Information, National Health Commission. Age-standardized mortality was calculated by using a direct method based on the population census in 2010. Differences of the mortality in two years were compared, and the proportion of amenable mortality of different diseases in the total amenable mortality was calculated.Results:In 2010 and 2017, the age-standardized total mortality of non-communicable diseases was 536.4/100 000 and 493.6/100 000, respectively. The age-standardized amenable mortality rates were 107.6/100 000 and 96.0/100 000, respectively. Compared with 2010, the mortality of four major non-communicable diseases declined in 2017. The fastest declined amenable mortality was in with an average annual growth rate of -5.6%, followed by chronic respiratory diseases (-2.5%). Among the 11 subdivided non-communicable diseases, the age-standardized mortality of hypertension, chronic rheumatic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease declined, with an average annual growth rate of -6.7%, -5.8% and -3.0%, respectively. The proportion of amenable mortality from cerebrovascular disease was the highest among the 11 subdivided non-communicable diseases in 2010 and 2017, from 52.4% to 47.2%, followed by ischemic heart disease with an increase from 27.4% to 34.5%.Conclusion:Compared with that in 2010, the amenable mortality of non-communicable chronic diseases in urban and rural areas in China declined in 2017, of which cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease account for more than 80%.