Although significant advances have been made in both the development of therapeutic strate-gies and the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis, the mortality of severe sepsis and septic shock still remains unacceptably high worldwide. Current prediction models based on socio-demo-graphic and clinical risk factors fail to explain fully why a particular patient either develops or succumbs to sepsis. In recent years epidemiological studies have suggested a strong genetic relationship on the suscepti-bility and outcome of sepsis. With the completion of Human Genome Project and International HapMap Pro-ject, the identification of susceptibal genes contributing to sepsis may allow more precise use of interven-tions, such as targeted therapy of sepsis is an appealing strategy. In this review, we summarize a broad over-view of genetic nomenclature, study designs, and problems of these genetic association studies.

[Objective]To explore the traditional processing techniques and Jingbang(Beijing local)experience of Ophiopogon japonicus,providing a reference for modern research on Opehiopogon japonicus.[Methods]Collecting data on the processing of Ophiopogon japonicus from ancient herbal literature and traditional Jingbang heritage materials,and consulting with old pharmacists,based on the analysis and organization,the various processing methods of Ophiopogon japonicus were restored.[Results]The purification methods of Ophiopogon japonicus have mechanisms such as removing the pith to relieve annoyance,removing the pith to treat channel dryness,and removing the pith to nourish lung Yin,with the first one being the most widely spread.The methods of removing the pith include boiling water to moisten the pith,clear water to moisten the pith,and roasting to soften the pith,with the first one being the most effective.The purpose of the wine soaking method is to alleviate the side effects of long-term use of Ophiopogon japonicus on stomach cold.The rice frying method should spread the rice thinly in the pot,spread Ophiopogon japonicus on the rice,and should not be stirred.If it is stirred with the rice,Ophiopogon japonicus is easy to puff up.The steaming method has two types:clear steaming and mixing with milk steaming.Ophiopogon japonicus is not easy to crush,and the intermittent roasting method recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica is very good.The method of simmering Ophiopogon japonicus and making Ophiopogon pills both utilize its juice-containing characteristics.The traditional Jingbang Ophiopogon japonicus has obvious local characteristics in the methods of moistening and removing the pith.Zhu Ophiopogon japonicus is for sprinkling water and moistening slightly,and cinnabar fine powder is finely scattered with sprinkling and stirring.These two processed varieties have disappeared for half a century.[Conclusion]The restoration and optimization of the processing methods of Ophiopogon japonicus are expected to improve the efficacy of Ophiopogon japonicus,providing higher quality Ophiopogon japonicus medicinal materials for the clinic.It reveals the local characteristics of the traditional Jingbang Ophiopogon japonicus processing,providing a possibility for the revival of the disappeared processed varieties,which is of great significance for enriching Chinese medicine resources and enhancing the clinical application value of Chinese medicine.

Objective To explore the association between tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) polymorphisms and the susceptibility to sepsis. Method Haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) were selected from the HapMap database. The htSNPs were genotyped in 255 patients with sepsis and 260 control subjects by the Beckman SNP stream genotyping platform. The association with susceptibility to and severity of sepsis were estimated by logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, smoking, drinking,chronic diseases status, APACHE Ⅱ score and critical illness. Results Of 13 TRAF6 ANPs, 7 were tagged by htSNPs. Of them, 5 htSNPs (rs5030496, rs5030411, rs5030416, rs5030445 and rs3740961) were used for final genotyping analysis. Genotype frequencies of those htSNPs were conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg law in both patients and controls. There were no significant association found between the 5 htSNPs and susceptibility to sepsis.Also, there was no significant association between the TRAF6 polymorphisms and the septic shock, death from sepsis as well as organ dysfunction. Conclusions The TRAF6 gene polymorphisms might not play a major role in severity of sepsis.

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) strategies in COVID-19 patients differ from those in patients suffering from cardiogenic cardiac arrest. During CPR, both healthcare and non-healthcare workers who provide resuscitation are at risk of infection. The Working Group for Expert Consensus on Prevention and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 has developed this Chinese Expert Consensus to guide clinical practice of CPR in COVID-19 patients. Main recommendations: 1) A medical team should be assigned to evaluate severe and critical COVID-19 for early monitoring of cardiac-arrest warning signs. 2) Psychological counseling and treatment are highly recommended, since sympathetic and vagal abnormalities induced by psychological stress from the COVID-19 pandemic can induce cardiac arrest. 3) Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). 4) Mouth-to-mouth ventilation should be avoided on patients suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19. 5) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression are recommended. 6) Tracheal-intubation procedures should be optimized and tracheal-intubation strategies should be implemented early. 7) CPR should be provided for 20-30 min. 8) Various factors should be taken into consideration such as the interests of patients and family members, ethics, transmission risks, and laws and regulations governing infectious disease control. Changes in management: The following changes or modifications to CPR strategy in COVID-19 patients are proposed: 1) Healthcare workers should wear PPE. 2) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression can be implemented to reduce or avoid the spread of viruses by aerosols. 3) Both the benefits to patients and the risk of infection should be considered. 4) Hhealthcare workers should be fully aware of and trained in CPR strategies and procedures specifically for patients with COVID-19.