Grasses infected by endophytes have an extraordinary impact on the ecology and economy of pasture and turf. In this review, we presented recent research progress on origin and evolution, biological and ecological impact, and perspective of the association in order to make full use of the widely distributed endophyte resources.

Objective: To discuss the clinical significance of plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with cerebral infarction in the process of occurrence and development of cerebral infarction. Methods: Thirty patients with cerebral infarction were divided into 3 groups according to their size of infarction: large infarction, moderate infarction, and small infarction (ten patients in each group). Enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of plasma vWF, VEGF, and MMP-9 in patient with cerebral infarction and in 20 healthy controls on day 1, 3, 7, and 15. Results: The mean levels of vWF (216 ± 62) μg/L, VEGF (584 ± 151) ng/ L, and MMP-9 (287 ± 147) μg/L in the cerebral infarction groups were significantly higher than those in the control group [vWF (96 ± 12) μg/ L, VEGF (111 ± 17) ng /L, and MMP-9 (102 ± 14) μg/L; P < 0.01]. The changes of plasma concentrations of the above 3 factors were correlated positively with the volume of cerebral infarction at the same time point in early cerebral infarction (r = 0.496, r = 0.519, r = 0.472 respectively; all P < 0.01). Conclusion: The concentrations of plasma vWF, VEGF, and MMP-9 were associated with the volume of cerebral infarction.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) emphasizes treatment based on syndrome differentiation, which is the core technology that can embody the characteristics and advantages of TCM diagnosis and treatment. This is based on holistic view to illustrate individual diagnosis and treatment and dynamic treatment. However, RCT, which is frequently used in TCM clinical studies, can not reflect the concept of treatment based on syndrome differentiation. The use of adaptive treatment strategies in clinical researches can adjust therapy in patients according to the changes of diseases, so it can reflect individual diagnosis and treatment and dynamic treatment. From this perspective, the process of treatment based on syndrome differentiation is a process of decision-making of adaptive treatment. So the method for developing adaptive treatment strategies can effectively evaluate the efficacy of different treatment strategies in TCM clinical studies. Adaptive treatment strategies have been used in some clinical studies from some published foreign literatures. However, the use of adaptive treatment strategies in domestic clinical researches is seldom reported. This article discussed the concept of adaptive treatment strategies and their important components in detail. In addition, it presented three methods which can take the delayed effects of the current treatment action into consideration and can compare the overall effect of different adaptive treatment strategies, with a purpose to lay some foundation for future TCM researches in the development of optimal clinical pathway and provide new ideas and methods for researches.

Objective To investigate the causes,preventive measures and treatment of digestive tract injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods From January 2000 to December 2007,totally 21 640 patients underwent LC in our hospital,among them,16 had digestive tract injury including injuries in the stomach and duodenum in 14 patients,in the colon in 1,and in the ileum in 1. Results Among the 16 cases,13 were detected during the operation,and thus laparoscopic repair were performed on 3 of the cases,and conversion to open surgery were carried out for the other 10 for repair of the injured tract (7 cases) or major resection of the stomach and Roux-en-Y anastomosis (3 cases). The other 3 patients were confirmed after LC;they received open surgery for repair of the ileum,colostomy or intra-abdominal cavity drainage. In the 16 cases,one patient died of duodenal leakage complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in 7 days after the operation;the other 15 patients were cured and discharged from hospital without severe complications. Conclusions Most of the digestive tract injury cases during LC are caused by pericholecystic inflammatory adhesion,which leads to insufficient exposure of the surgical field resulting in the tear or perforation of the digestive tract. Proper treatment in early stage is the key to the prognosis of the patients and prevention of severe complications.

Objective To focus on the causes and management of complications after laparoscopic cholecystctomy (LC). Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical records of 13 278 patients undergoing LC in this hospital from March 1991 to July 2003 was made. Results Complications occurred in 110 patients (0.83%), involving 19 cases of bile duct injuries (0.14%), 37 cases of bile leakage (0.28%), 31 cases of residual calculi in common bile duct (0.23%), 4 cases of intraabdominal hemorrhage (0.03%), 5 cases of gastrointestinal injury (0.04%), 3 cases of intraabdominal abscess (0.02%), 6 cases of incisional infection or hernia (0.05%) and 5 cases of serious subcutaneous emphysema (0.04%), respectively. Five patients died (0.04%). Conclusions The major complications after LC include bile duct injury, bile leakage and residual calculus. Most of complications are preventable and curable.

Identification and classification of white blood cells are important for clinical diagnosis.Many researchers have been seeking the effective methods for white blood cells' automatic classification based on morphological characters.After cell segmentation,leukocytes' feature acquirement and selection,this paper accomplishes white blood cells' automatic classification using Sugeno-model fuzzy neural network and compares the result with that from classifier of BP network.

0.05).Conclusion It is feasible to implement the DWS pulse sequence in conventional MR system to investigate the diffusion property of water molecule,furthermore the results are not dependent on diffusion weighting.

BACKGROUND:With the prevalence of total hip arthroplasty,the demand for revision has been increased due to the prosthesis life and various complications.OBJECTIVE:To retrospectively analyze the reasons and clinical effectiveness of revision,clinical application of revision prosthesis,and related revision techniques.METHODS:Clinical data of 85 patients undergoing total hip revision were analyzed retrospectively.Among which,there were 23 cases of biological T.O.P acetabular cup (allograft bone graft) plus polyethylene liner,51 cases of titanium mesh cup plus bone cement fixation,and 11 cases of common acetabular cup;common hip stem in 63 cases (including 47 cases of bone cement fixation);lengthened hip stem in 34 cases (16 cases of modular prosthesis and 18 cases of bone cement fixation).Subsequently,the hip function was assessed by Harris hip scores.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:All cases were followed up,and the mean follow-up was 30.2 months.(1) The average Harris hip scores changed from preoperative 30.07 to postoperative 90.32.The wound healed well,no dislocation or infection,and the hip function was improved significantly.(2) To conclude,aseptic loosening of the prosthesis is the main cause of reversion occurred,followed by prosthesis dislocation.Acetabular wall bone defect and decrease in bone mass are the main problems in revision.Adequate preoperative preparation for possible and unexpected events,and reasonable selection of prosthesis according to the bone defects will be helpful.Noticeably,early arthroplasty reversion will obtain good clinical efficacy.

Objective To explore the impacts of 24-hour medical records archiving on the DRGs grouping ratio and payment.Methods Retrospective survey was made in a tertiary hospital in Beijing during its pilot from November 18,2011 to May 31,2012.The study covered such categories as the 24-hour medical records archiving ratio,48-hour medical records archiving ratio,DRG grouping ratio and payment for discharged patients prior to and after the practice of such archiving requirement.The data were subject to a multilinear regression analysis.Results The practice of 24-hour archiving,since in place,has significantly raised the 24-hour ratio,48-hour ratio,DRG grouping ratio and payment ratio,with the differences statistically significant (averaging P＜0.0001).DRGs payment amount is positively correlated to the number of DRGs grouping (regression coefficient 0.75284,P＜0.0001).DRGs grouping amount is positively correlated to the number of 24-hour medical records archiving (regression coefficient 0.44233,P＜0.0001).Conclusion The 24-hour archiving practice has significantly raised DRGs grouping and payment ratio,making it one of requisites for hospitals to successfully carry out DRGs payment system.