In this study, a composite cell model for evaluation of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) was established in vitro from the perspective of immune inflammation. And this model was used to evaluate the risk of IDILI for 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-cis-stilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (Cis-SG) and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (Trans-SG). To determine the low, medium, and high dosage of Cis-SG and Trans-SG, CellTiter-Glo^® 3D Cell Viability Assay was used to detect the effects of Cis-SG and Trans-SG on cell viability of HepG2 cells in three dimensional (3D) culture, and MTT assay was used to detect the effects of Cis-SG and Trans-SG on cell viability of THP-1 derived macrophages. THP-1 derived macrophages were incubated by Cis-SG and Trans-SG directly or supernatants from HepG2 cells incubated with them. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the supernatants of the THP-1 derived macrophages. Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine the expression of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), and IL-1β in THP-1 derived macrophages. The results showed that there was no effect on the secretion of IL-1β in THP-1 derived macrophages incubated by Cis-SG and Trans-SG directly. However, the secretion of IL-1β, the protein and mRNA expression of ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β significantly increased in THP-1 derived macrophages incubated by supernatants from HepG2 cells incubated with 1, 5, and 25 μmol·L^-1 Cis-SG or 25 μmol·L^-1 Trans-SG. In summary, the composite cell model for evaluation of IDILI established in vitro has been successfully applied in testing Cis-SG and Trans-SG. This composite cell model is helpful to evaluate and screen drugs with IDILI risk in vitro preliminarily, which provides methods for predicting and solving the idiosyncratic liver toxicity of drugs.

OBJECTIVETo develop a virulent heat-evil-induced thrombosis animal model, and provide a rational animal model for pathogeny and pathogenesis research of thrombosis-related diseases, anti-thrombosis activity screening and pre-clinical studies of CAHT formula.

METHODSD rats were pretreated with carrageenin (Ca) intraperitoneal injection, followed by intravenous injection of endotoxin (LPS from E. coli O111:B4) 50 microg x kg(-1) 16 h later. Thrombosis in rat tails were observed during 12-24 h after injection of LPS. The inflammatory mechanism of this model were investigated by analyzing serum level of TNF-alpha, IL-6, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF 1alpha, CD11b/CD18 expression of white blood cells (WBC) and P-selectin expression of vessel walls.

RESULTIn LPS/Ca model group, thrombosis can be clearly observed in the distal part of rat tails after 12-24 h of LPS/Ca treatment. High level of TNF-alpha and IL-6 can be measured in serum. The expression of CD11b/CD18 in WBC and P-selectin in vessel endothelium significantly increased and the number of WBC in peripheral blood markedly decreased shortly after LPS/Ca treatment. The adherence of white blood cells to vessel endothelium which can be seen by microscope mainly contributed to the decrease of WBC. The results indicated that there was obvious inflammation after treatment with LPS/Ca, suggesting that inflammation was the key mechanism for this model.

CONCLUSIONThis model was developed through treatment of LPS in combination with Ca, of which LPS is considered to be an exotic virulent heat-evil in TCM, while the inflammatory molecules produced in this model, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, CD11b/CD18 and P-selectin belong to internal virulent heat-evils, so this animal model consists of pathogeny and pathogenesis of virulent heat-evils. virulent heat-evil.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha ; blood ; Animals ; CD11b Antigen ; metabolism ; CD18 Antigens ; metabolism ; Carrageenan ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endotoxins ; pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Leukocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thrombosis ; blood ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate how network education can improve college students' knowledge on sexual and reproductive health in Ningbo city.

METHODSFrom December 2012 to June 2013, we conducted a questionnaire investigation among college students in Ningbo city about the effects of network education on their knowledge about sexual psychology, sexual physiology, sexual ethics, and reproductive health.

RESULTSA total of 7 362 college students accomplished the investigation, of whom 2 483 (42.1% males and 57.9% females) received network education, while the other 4 879 (24.1% males and 75.9% females) did not. Approximately 47.1% of the male and 28.0% of the female students acquired sexual and reproductive knowledge via network education. Reproductive health-related network education significantly enriched the students' knowledge about the reproductive system and sex, pubertal development, sexual physiology, conception and embryonic development, methods of contraception, sexual psychology, sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention, pregnancy care and eugenics, and environment- and occupation-related reproductive health (P < 0.01). It also remarkably improved their cognitive attitude towards reproductive health knowledge (P < 0.01). Those who received reproductive health-related network education showed a significantly higher rate of masturbation (P < 0.01) but markedly later time of the first masturbation (P < 0.01) than those who did not.

CONCLUSIONNetwork education can enhance the effect of reproductive health education among college students and improve their sexual experience and health.

China ; Contraception ; Female ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Masturbation ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; Reproductive Health ; Sexual Behavior ; physiology ; psychology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities

To investigate the common regulative effects of the Chinese drug Bailong and hexamethylen bisacetamide (HMBA) on expressions of oncogenes (c-H-ras and c-myc), and tumor suppressor genes (Rb，p53　and p21) of MGC80-3 in human cancer cell cycle. Methods: Adopting RNA Northern Blot to survey the levels of gene expressions of MGC80-3 different phases cells treated with Bailong and HMBA respectively. Results: In different phases of MGC80-3 cells treated with Bailong and differentiation inducer HMBA, expressions of oncogenes c-H-ras and c-myc were inhibited by over 50.0%, messenger kinase subspecies PKC-α gene is similar with the expression inhibition of oncogenes, except effect of Bailong on the G2 phase in cell cycle. Effect of Bailong differs greatly from HMBA in the expression of tumor suppression genes. The expression of Rb and p21 in cells treated by HMBA did not increase but were inhibited by 39.5% and 33.3% respectively in G1 phase. The level of Rb gene expression was decreased, too by 3.0% in S phase. Comparison with HMBA the expression of Rb and p21 genes were increased after treatment by Bailong in all cell cycle. But the effect of Bailong on the expression of p53 gene which was increased obviously by 125.0%－233.4% in majority phase of MGC80-3 cells is similar to HMBA. Conclusion: (1) The effect of Bailong on the regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene is similar to HMBA but the effect of Bailong is better than that of HMBA. (2) Molecular mechanism of the Bailong or HMBA on the proliferative inhibition and differentiation of MGC80-3 related to regulation of the Bailong and HMBA on the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle of MGC80-3

AIMTo investigate the inhibitory effect of egg white lysozyme (LZM) on ceftazidime (CFT)-induced release of endotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODSP. aeruginosa PAO1 was inoculated in nutrition broth or diluted rabbit blood free of antibiotics in the presence or absence of LZM and incubated at 37 degrees C on a water bath shaker. beta-Lactam antibiotic, CFT, was added to cultures at 3.5 h (nutrition broth culture) or 5 h (diluted rabbit blood culture) after inoculation. After 3 h of CFT treatment, the supernatants from different bacterial cultures were prepared by centrifuge and the concentrations of endotoxin in the supernatants were measured. The bacterial supernatants were also added to a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 or intravenously injected into carrageenin-sensitized mice. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in RAW 264.7 supernatants or in mouse sera were tested.

RESULTSCFT treatment alone obviously inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 accompanied by strong and rapid bacteriolysis and released relatively high concentration of endotoxin from bacteria both in nutrition broth and in diluted rabbit blood cultures. The bacterial supernatant from CFT treatment alone yielded high concentrations of TNF alpha both in RAW 264.7 cells and in mice and high level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with the combination of LZM and CFT evidently blocked the lysis of bacteria and reduced the release of endotoxin without decreasing bactericidal activity of CFT. TNF alpha and NO productivity of the supernatants prepared from the LZM/CFT combinative treated bacterial cultures were significantly decreased both in RAW 264.7 cells and in mice indicating that the inflammatory activity was reduced.

CONCLUSIONLZM can effectively prevent CFT-induced bacteriolysis, endotoxin release and subsequent proinflammatory factor production but without decreasing bactericidal activity of CFT, resulting in the disassociation of bactericidal activity and bacteriolysis. Thus, LZM might be important for preventing endotoxemia in Gram-negative sepsis with the treatment of antibiotics.

Animals ; Bacteriolysis ; drug effects ; Ceftazidime ; pharmacology ; Egg White ; analysis ; Endotoxins ; metabolism ; Mice ; Muramidase ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; metabolism ; physiology ; Rabbits ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo summarize the therapeutic effect of multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps for repair of soft tissue defects in the upper extremities.

METHODSFrom March 2003 to June 2010, 42 cases with soft tissue defects in the upper limbs resulting from burn and traumatic injuries were treated using multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps, including retrograde flaps and composite flaps, antegrade flaps ,and free flaps. Flap size ranged from 2.5 cm x 2.0 cm-14.0 cm x 9.0 cm. The defects in the donor sites were closed directly or covered by skin graft.

RESULTSThe conventional retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 11 cases, the modified retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 13 cases, the retrograde posterior interosseous artery composite flaps incorporating partial extensors were used in 2 cases, the antegrade posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 3 cases, the free posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 7 cases, and the free perforator flap based on the radiodorsal septocutaneous perforator of the posterior interosseous artery were used in 6 cases. Partial necrosis happened in one case at the distal portion of the flap. Muscular branch of the posterior interosseous nerve was injured in one case with conventional reverse posterior interosseous artery flaps. All the other flaps survived uneventually with no complication. All wounds were primarily healed. 32 cases were followed up for 1 to 48 months with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results both in the donor sites and in the recipient areas. The color,texture and thickness of the flaps were satisfied as well.

CONCLUSIONSThe posterior interosseous artery flap has a constant vascular anatomy and a great flexibility, which is practical and suitable for repair of Soft tissue defect in the upper extremities arising from burn and traumatic injury.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Burns ; surgery ; Female ; Forearm ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Transplantation ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

AIMTo investigate whether NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the Y-maze learning and memory of rat brain.

METHODS45 adult male SD rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Ifenprodil peritoneal injection group (Ifenprodil ip, n = 14); (2) DMSO peritoneal injection group(DMSO ip, n = 15); (3) Ifenprodil cerebral ventricle injection group (Ifenprodil ic, n = 8); (4) DMSO cerebral ventricle injection group(DMSO ic, n = 8). Y-maze training and test were used as an learning and memory enhancing stimulus. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods were used for detecting pERK1/2 and pElk-1 expression intensity of different brain regions.

RESULTSCompared with the DMSO ip group, the ifenprodil ip group showed no change on the Y-maze learning score (P > 0.05), but its Y-maze memory score tested 24 after learning decreased (P < 0.05). Ifenprodil peritoneal injection made brain pERK1/2 and pElk-1 expression decreased generally. In hippocampus, marginal division of striatum(MrD), amygdala,these changes were more significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the DMSO ic group, the reconsolidation of Y-maze memory tested 6 hours after ifenprodil injection was impaired in ifenprodil ic group (P < 0.05). The OD value of pERK1/2 and pElk-1 positive bands in ifenprodil ic group attenuated generally. The pElk-1 positive bands of caudate putamen and MrD almost disappeared in ifenprodil ic group.

CONCLUSIONNR2B is essential for the formation of long-term memory, reconsolidation of Y-maze memory. The deactivation of NR2B by ifenprodil will impair these courses. Meanwhile, the deactivation of NR2B attenuates pERK1/2 and pElk-1 expression of learning and memory related regions after Y-maze learning and memory reconsolidation test. In MrD and caudate putamen, the pElk-1 expression are completely blocked by ifenprodil after memory reconsolidation test.

Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; physiology ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; pharmacology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; metabolism ; Male ; Maze Learning ; physiology ; Memory ; physiology ; Piperidines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism ; ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 ; metabolism

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of T-614 in treating rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Methods Two hundred and eighty patients with active RA were randomly allocated to 3 groups:T-614 50 mg each day,25 mg each day or placebo.Clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed at baseline,2,4,6,12, 18 and 24 weeks.Results The ACR response rate was significantly higher in the T-614 treatment group com- pared with the placebo group during the first 6 weeks.After 24 weeks,25 mg/d,50 mg/d dosage group and the placebo group showed 39.1%,61.3% and 24.2% in ACR20,23.9%,31.2% and 7.4% in ACR50 respectively.A time-response in ACR response after 24 weeks was observed,with clear superiority of the 25 mg/d and 50 mg/d dosage groups compared to the placebo,and 50 mg/d dosage group compared to 25 mg/d dosage group(P

Objective To explore the MSCT features of airway-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.Methods MSCT features of 27 cases of airway-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis confirmed by pathology or clinical experience were analyzed retrospectively.Results The lesions in 27 cases were distributed along the blood vessel and bronchus and located mainly in the upper and middle lung field in 19 cases.Multiple centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud sign were found in 27 cases and bronchial wall thickening and patchy opacities around the bronchi were in 25 cases.Bronchiectasis was seen in 17 cases,and cavity-like change and inter-cavity separation were in 15 cases.In 22 cases of follow-up,the lesion progressed within 1 week after diagnosised and treatmented in 20 cases and recurred in slow recovery stage in 5 cases.Conclusion MSCT findings of airway-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis are various which may rapidly progress within a short time.MSCT palys an important role in the evolution and follow-up of airway-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Objective To observe the effect of chaihushugantang on the expression of c-fos in the hippocampus and frontal lobe cortex of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic rats. Methods Forty-eight PTZ-induced epileptic rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: epileptic model group,Valproate treatment group, Dingxianwan treatment group, and lower-dose, medium-dose and high-dose chaihushugantang treatment groups (n=8). Normal control group was also employed (n=8). The epileptic rats in the normal control group and epileptic model group were fed normally. Rats of the treatment groups were performed intragastric administration of medicines (Valproate, Dingxianwan and chaihushugantang) for 5 weeks in succession respectively. The expression of c-fos in the hippocampus and frontal lobe cortex of all the rats was observed. Results The expression of c-fos in the hippocampus and frontal lobe cortex of rats in the epileptic model group was significantly increased, while the c-fos expression in the hippocampus and the frontal lobe cortex of rats in the medium-dose and high-dose chaihushugantang treatment groups and Valproate treatment group and Dingxianwan treatment group was significantly decreased as compared with that in epileptic model group (P<0.05). But the c-fos expression in the hippocampus and the frontal lobe cortex of rats in the low-dose chaihushugantang treatment group showed no obvious decrease. Conclusion Chaihushugantang has good antiepileptic effect, might through affecting the c-fos expression in the epileptic rats. The antiepileptic mechanism of chaihushugantang can be related to saikosaponins and other antiepileptic constituents in it.