Microglia are the principal immune effectors in brain and participate in a series ofneurodegenerative diseases. The microglial shapes are highly plastic. The morphology is closely related with their activation status and biological functions. Cerebral ischemia could induce microglial activation, and microglial activation is subjected to precise regulation. Microglia could play either protective or neurotoxic roles in cerebral ischemia. Therefore, regulating the expression of receptors or protein molecules on microglia, inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia and production of pro-inflammatory factors, promoting the release of neuroprotective substances might be beneficial to the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The study about relationship between microglia and cerebral ischemia will shed a light on the treatment of cerebral ischemia. This paper is a review of microglial activation and regulation during cerebral ischemia as well as related therapeutic methods.

Objective: To analyze the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism in patients with upper digestive system diseases in Anhui Province, so as to provide evidence for individual treatment. Methods: The 307 patients with upper digestive system diseases in the Department of Gastroenterology, The 901st Hospital of Combined Service Force of People＇s Liberation Army were selected. The CYP2C19 genotypes were detected by DNA microarray microarray. The CYP2C19 genotypes and metabolic types in different genders, ages and diseases were analyzed. Results: There were 197 males ( 64.17% ) and 110 females ( 35.83% ) , with the age of ( 58.00±16.13 ) years old. The gene frequency of CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 was 62.70%, 32.25% and 5.05%, respectively. There were 119 cases (38.76%) of *1/*1 ( 636GG, 681GG ), 129 cases ( 42.02% ) of *1/*2 ( 636GG, 681GA ) , 18 cases (5.86%) of *1/*3 ( 636GA, 681GG ) , 29 cases ( 9.45% ) of *2/*2 ( 636GG, 681AA ) , 11 cases ( 3.58% ) of *2/*3 ( 636GA, 681GA ) , and 1 cases ( 0.33% ) of *3/*3 ( 636AA, 681GG ). In terms of metabolisms, there were 119 cases ( 38.76% ) of fast metabolism type, 147 cases (47.88%) of intermediate metabolism type and 41 cases (13.35%) of slow metabolism type. There were no significant differences in CYP2C19 genotypes and metabolic types among the patients with different gender, age and digestive system diseases ( P＞0.05 ). Conclusion The CYP2C19 genotypes of patients with upper digestive system diseases were polymorphic, mainly the fast metabolism type and the intermediate metabolism type, which could provide reference for the clinical medication of individualized treatment of proton pump inhibitors.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of intradermal needle therapy for urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery. Methods: A total of 100 patients with urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery were randomized into a control group and an observation group, with 50 cases in each group. The control group was treated with basic nursing only, and the observation group was treated with additional intradermal needle therapy. Both groups were treated for 2 courses of treatment. The main symptom scores and residual urine volume of the two groups were observed before and after treatment, and the inpatient time, catheter indwelling time and the clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate was 96.0％ in the observation group and 88.0％ in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the main symptom scores and residual urine volume in both groups decreased significantly (all P<0.05), and the scores and residual urine volume in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The inpatient time and catheter indwelling time in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (both P<0.05). Conclusion: Intradermal needle therapy has an obvious effect in improving symptoms of urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery, and the effect is significantly more persistent than that of simple basic nursing.

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight components in Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb.) Makino (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb3, Rd, Re, F2, and gypenosides A, XLIX and XVII). Methods HPLC was performed on Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) chromatographic column with 0.3％ formic acid solution (A)- acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase by gradient elution, flow rate was 1.5 mL·min-1, detection wavelength was 203 nm, and column temperature was set at 50 ℃. Results There was a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of eight components (r ≥ 0.999) , the recovery was in the range of 97％ to 100％. Conclusion The established method is simple, rapid, accurate, reliable, and reproducible, and can be used for the quality control of Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb.) Makino.

Glucose ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Lycium ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Resistance Training

OBJECTIVETo compare the clinical characteristics of triple-negative (TN) breast cancer and non-triple-negative (NTN) breast cancer, enrich the information of TN patients, and provide evidences for individualized combined treatment.

METHODSThe data of 408 cases received operation in the year of 2002 was enrolled in this study. TN patients were confirmed according to the immunohistochemical (IHC) test of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu. The clinical characteristics, recurrence, metastasis and survival were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSSeventy-seven patients (18.9%) were confirmed TN cases. The median follow-up was 64 months (range, 3-79 months). Of all the cases, 58 occurred local recurrence or metastasis and 51 died, it was 19 and 12 in TN group. Compared with the NTN group, the TN patient tended to be younger and the tumor mass larger (P=0.015 and 0.011). However, axillary lymph nodes metastasis occurred more often in NTN patients than in TN patients (P=0.001). The rate of local recurrence and metastasis in TN group was significantly higher than in NTN group (P=0.005 and 0.025), and TN cases were more likely to develop lung metastasis than NTN patients (P<0.01). The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rate in TN group were significantly lower than in NTN group (86.4% vs. 93.4%, P=0.0205; 77.7% vs. 87.9%, P=0.0215). The 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival rate in TN group were also significantly lower than in NTN group (78.4% vs. 92.4%, P=0.0038; 72.8% vs. 85.8%, P=0.0041). Tumor size, lymph node status and triple-negative were the most important factors influencing the prognosis on multivariate Cox regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONSTN breast cancer haa some specific clinical characteristics. The prognosis of TN patients is worse than that of NTN patients. Further study is needed to find individualized treatment for TN breast cancer patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone ; metabolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the multi-differentiated capability of human periodontal ligament cell population (hPDLP), and provide a theoretical basis for the periodontal regeneration by tissue engineering technique.

METHODShPDLP was cultured from periodontium of human tooth by the outgrowth method. STRO-1 and CD 146 expression were investigated by flow cytometry. hPDLP was induced to odontogenic/osteogenic-like and adipogenic-like cell. The multilineage differentiation capacities of hPDLP were evaluated by alizarin red stain, oil red O stain, anti-CD146 and STRO-1 immunocytochemistry, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis.

RESULTShPDLP was isolated from human periodontium and most of the cells retained their fibroblastic spindle shape. hPDLP can be induced into osteoblast-like cells and adipocyte-like cells, and calcium deposition and lipid droplets were detected perspectively. And the eighth generation of hPDLP had weaker potential into adipocyte-like cells than the first passage, however, there was no difference to the aspect of calcification ability between the two passages.

CONCLUSIONhPDLP cultured in vitro can differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts, and the first to third passage cells may have the predominance of differentiation potential.

Adipocytes ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Odontogenesis ; Osteoblasts ; Periodontal Ligament ; Regeneration ; Tissue Engineering

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment method for primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the breast.

METHODSTwelve patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast pathologically confirmed were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were analyzed.

RESULTSAll 12 patients were women with median age of 50 years (44-76 years). The patients all presented a single mass in the breast on presentation. The diameter ranged from 2.5 cm to 10.0 cm in diameter. All of the patients had undergone surgical resection. There were 6 cases in stage IIa, 2 in IIb, 2 in IIIa and 2 in IIIb according to the TNM staging system of AJCC and UICC. Ten of the 12 cases were followed-up from 4 months to 189 months.

CONCLUSIONPrimary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is often in need of diagnosis by exclusion, but can be initially confirmed by fine needle aspiration. Presently, no standard therapy can be recommended in practice. The prognosis is controversial.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Biopsy, Needle ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Mastectomy ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical value of pleural effusion lung ProGRP, neuron specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA21-1), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9 (CA19-9) in differential diagnosis and histological typing of malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer.

METHODSAll the 171 patients with malignant hydrothorax caused by lung cancer were from coal-mine area of Kailuan. They were divided into the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) group (n = 39), the adenocarcinoma group (n = 99) and the squamous cell carcinoma group (n = 37). The patients with benign pleural effusion served as the controls (n = 30). The diagnostic value of pleural effusion ProGRP, NSE, CYFRA21-1, CEA, CA153 and CA19-9 was compared for each group.

RESULTSYouden index and the accurate rate of pleural effusion ProGRP + NSE (sequence test) were the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by SCLC. CEA + CA153 + CA19-9 (sequence test) was the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by adenocarcinoma. CYFRA21-1 + CEA + CA153 (on parallel test) were the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by squamous cell carcinoma. The Yonden index and the accurate rate were the highest by the single detection of CYFRA21 (0.5514 and 0.6878), and by the combined detection of ProGRP + CYFRA21-1 + CEA (on parallel test) (0.7029 and 0.8878).

CONCLUSIONThe first pleural effusion tumor markers of malignant hydrothorax caused by the SCLC, adenocarcinoma of lung, and lung squamous cell carcinoma are ProGRP, CEA and CYFRA21-1, respectively. The best combinations of pleural effusion tumor marker in diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by the SCLC, adenocarcinoma of lung, lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer are the combined detection of ProGRP + NSE (sequence test), combined detection of CEA + CA153 + CA19-9 (sequence test), the combined detection of CYFRA21-1 + CEA + CA153 (on parallel test) and ProGRP + CYFRA21-1 + CEA (on parallel test), respectively.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; analysis ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; CA-19-9 Antigen ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Keratin-19 ; analysis ; Lung Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peptide Fragments ; analysis ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; analysis

In order to minimize the residual tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) level in cyclodextrin complex prepared by freeze drying TBA/water cosolvent system, the formulation and lyophilization procedure that may influence the residual TBA was studied. Residual TBA in freeze dried cyclodextrin complex was determined by gas chromatography. The significant formulation and processing factors that influence residual TBA were identified by adjusting the initial TBA concentration in cosolvent, selecting cyclodextrin type (beta-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin), changing sample volume in flasket, altering freezing mode (fast freezing or slow freezing) and modifying the duration of secondary drying. The results show that the amorphous cyclodextrin material (hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin), initial low TBA concentration in cosolvent and fast freezing would lead to high TBA residue in cyclodextrin complex, annealing was effective in reducing the residual TBA. The duration of secondary drying had no distinct effect on residual TBA. It is concluded that in order to reduce residual TBA in cyclodextrin complex prepared by lyophilization monophase solution, the initial TBA concentration in cosolvent should be higher than the crystal formation concentration, the appropriate cyclodextrin type and freeze drying processing should be choosen.
2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; chemistry ; Budesonide ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas ; Drug Residues ; analysis ; chemistry ; Freeze Drying ; methods ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; chemistry ; tert-Butyl Alcohol ; analysis ; chemistry