Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of pandemic influenza. Because influenza virus is highly variable across strains, universal influenza vaccines need to be developed to address this problem. This review describes the research progress in conserved epitopes of influenza virus, the advances in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of NP, M2e, HA2, and headless HA, the mechanisms of cross-protection, and the methods to improve cross-protection.
Animals ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Species Specificity ; Viral Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

Objective To investigate effects of rectal cancer to undergo total mesorectal excision (TME)or three space dissection(TSD)with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation(PANP).Methods TME or/ and TSD was applied in 247 Patients with advanced rectal cancer in which 185 cases (74.9 %) underwent PANP(Group P)including TME-PANP(Group Pro)139 cases and TSD-PANP(Group Ps)46 cases.The other 62 cases underwent none-PANP(Group P-)due to tumor invasion.Results There were no death cases for operation inall patients.Group Pm was better than Group Ps in the operation time and the difficulty of proce- dure(P0.05).Conclusion The procedure with TME to preserve pelvic autonomic nerves adapts to the majority of rectal cancer patients.TSD procedure is more complex than TME.Statistically,the survival differ- ence between Patients with TSD and with TME is no defective.The survival time is determined to the tumor's earlier diagnosis and therapy.

We typed Yersinia pestis isolated from plague foci of Shaanxi Province using different region (DFR) and analyzed epidemiological characteristics.Twenty-three DFRs primers and PMT1 (plasmid) primer were used to verify the DFR genomovars and 48 Yersinia pestis were involved to analyze DFR profiles and epidemiological characteristics.In the same year,the genotypes of Yersinia pestis isolated from different infected vector and animals were basically the same.Three genomovars named Genomovar 11,17,and 20 were verified in 48 Yersinia pestis strains in Shaanxi Province.The main genotypes were different in different epidemic years.In 1987-1988 and 2000-2001 years,genomovar 17 was major genomovar and genomovar 20 in 2006 year.In conclusion,the dominant genotypes were different in different epidemic years.As time goes on,DFR genomovars of Yersinia pestis undergone the evolution of gene deletion,which changes genomovar 17 into genomovar 20.

Objective To investigate the basic distribution of endemic areas in the type of drinking water arsenism and in Xiantao City,Hubei Province,and to offer a scientific basis for control and prevention.Methods According to"the Chinese Scheme of Implementing Surveillance of Distribution of Endemic Arsenism",considering with the special geography feature of Xiantao,both sampling and overall survey were used in 7 towns chosen.The water arsenic content was determined by half quantitative fast reagent-box method.We began to search for clues and patients according to the endemic areas and the families with high arsenic wells.Results High endemic arsenic water sources were distributed in 7 the towns(districts or farms).In 81 villages of Xiantao City,35 villages had drinking water arsenic content exceeding 0.05 mg/L,accounting for 43.21%(35/81).In 4020 screened wells,269 had arsenic content higher than the national standard,the detective rate of high arsenic wells(more than 0.05 mg/L)was 6.69%(269/4020),with the highest rate in Shahu Seed Plant being 13.56%(115/848).The population exposed to high arsenic was 1091,in a rate of 5.75%(1091/18 975),in which 281 children were exposed in a rate of 5.82%(281/4826).In Shahu Seed Plant,467 people including 129 children were exposed to high arsenic, accounting for 13.26%(467/3522)and 12.91%(129/999),respectively.Conclusions High arsenic sources widely exist in Xiantao City,especially in Shahu Seed Plant,where arsenic content,the exposed rate of population and children are high.Therefore,prevention and control should be carried out in the southeast as soon as possible,as well as in other places where situation is less serious.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted laparoscopic colectomy for colonic cancer.

METHODSThe clinical outcomes of 13 patients with colon cancer undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic colectomy from May 2010 to November 2010 were retrospectively evaluated.

RESULTSAll the operations were performed successfully, including 5 right colectomies, 3 left colectomies, and 5 sigmoidectomies. The operative time was (171.5±31.8) minutes. The estimated blood loss was (54.6±21.8) ml. Time to the return of bowel function was (60.9±15.8) hours and postoperative hospital stay was (6.4±3.6) days. There was one patient developed fat liquefaction at the incision. No bleeding, anastomotic fistula, anastomotic stenosis, or other complications were found.

CONCLUSIONRobotic-assisted laparoscopic colectomy is safe and feasible for colon cancer resection.

Adult ; Aged ; Colonic Neoplasms ; surgery ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Robotics ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy and safety of fast-track surgery(FTS) in patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODSOne hundred and sixteen patients with colorectal cancer underwent colorectal operation between June 2006 and May 2008. FTS procedures were used in these patients during the study period. Data were retrospectively analyzed pertaining to post-operative hospital stay and operative complications.

RESULTSThe median postoperative hospital stay was (5.6+/-5.4)(range 1-54) d. Fourteen patients(12.1%) had postoperative complications, in which the rate of anastomotic leakage and wound infection was 1.7% and 2.6% respectively. 30-day readmission rate was 1.7%, and the 30-day mortality was 0.9%.

CONCLUSIONFast-track surgery is feasible in an unselected patient population undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection without compromising surgical outcomes.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; rehabilitation ; surgery ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Care ; methods ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo summarize the resectable rate of advanced gastric cancer characterized by abdominal lymph node metastases with the arteriovenous neoadjuvant FLEOX chemotherapy plus appropriate nutritional support.

METHODSArteriovenous neoadjuvant FLEOX chemotherapy was administered to 50 patients of gastric cancer with advanced abdominal lymph node metastases. Of the 50 patients, 42 had never received any previous therapy and preoperative CT scanning revealed unresectable tumors because of advanced lymph node (station No.3, 7, 9, 12) or distant lymph node (No.14,16) metastases. The other 8 were characterized with relapse of severe lymph node metastases or with unresectable lymph node metastases demonstrated by exploratory laparotomy. Arteriovenous neoadjuvant FLEOX chemotherapy was conducted as follows: from day 1 to day 5, 5-FU 370 mg/m(2) and leukovorin 30 mg/kg intravenously, at day 6 and day 20, CDDP 70 mg/m(2) and epotoside 70 mg/m(2) intraarterially. This FLEOX regimen was repeated every five weeks for two or three courses. Out of the 50 patients,12 malnutritional cases received parenteral and/or enteral nutritional support according to the nutritional condition. Arteriovenous neoadjuvant FLEOX chemotherapy was then administered after the improvement of nutritional state. Their nutritional support methods were adapted to their chemotherapy as well.

RESULTSAll the patients' general conditions and symptoms were improved significantly. For the 50 cases, the imageological and histological response rate (CR+PR) was 84.0%, and curative resection rate was 78.0%. Thus, 39 patients underwent subtotal or total gastrectomy, even combined organ resection, with D(2)+alpha or D(3) lymphadenectomy. Despite neoadjuvant chemotherapy, all malnutritional cases had significant weight gain after nutritional support, and other nutritional indexes,such as serum albumin, also resumed to normal.

CONCLUSIONArteriovenous neoadjuvant FLEOX chemotherapy proves favorable therapeutic effect for gastric cancer with advanced abdominal lymph node metastases, and downstages inoperable metastatic lymph nodes for radical operation. This combined modality regimen and nutritional support may play an important role in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; methods ; Nutritional Support ; Stomach Neoplasms ; surgery ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo verify the efficacy on lumbar disc herniation treated with Shu-needle therapy in combination with ozone injection of low concentration.

METHODSOne hundred and thirty cases of lumbar disc herniation were randomized into a Shu-needle therapy group and an acupotomy group, 65 cases in each one. In the Shu-needle therapy group, Shu-needle therapy was used in combination with ozone injection of low concentration. In the acupotomy group, the conventional acupotomy therapy was applied in combination with ozone injection of low concentration. The treatment was given once every 10 days, 3 treatments made one session. After one session treatment, the clinical efficacy of two groups was observed, scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were counted before and after treatment. The long-term efficacy was followed up in half a year.

RESULTSThe clinical curative rate was 69.2% (45/65) and the total effective rate was 96.9% (63/65) in the Shu-needle therapy group. The curative rate was 43.1% (28/65) and the total effective rate was 84.6% (55/65) in the acupotomy group. In comparison, the efficacy of the Shu-needle therapy group was superior to that of the acupotomy group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The scores of VAS and ODI were reduced obviously after treatment as compared with those before treatment in two groups (all P < 0.05). The improvements in the Shu-needle therapy group were superior to those in the acupotomy group (both P < 0.05). In the follow-up observation, the recurrence rate in the Shu-needle therapy group was lower than that in the acupotomy group [17.8% (8/45) vs 46.4% (13/28), P < 0.05].

CONCLUSIONShu-needle therapy in combination with ozone injection of low concentration achieves the superior efficacy on lumbar disc herniation as compared with the acupotomy group.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Injections ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; drug effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ozone ; administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Yixin Kangtai Capsule (YKC) on sperm concentration and motility, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in aged SD rats, and to explore its possible mechanisms of action.

METHODSWe randomly assigned fifty 24-month-old male SD rats to five groups of equal number: blank control, testosterone undecanoate, high-dose YKC, medium-dose YKC and low-dose YKC, and treated them intragastrically with physiological saline at 10 ml/kg, testosterone un-decanoate suspension at 4 mg/kg, and YKC at 0.6 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg and 0.15 g/kg, respectively, once a day for 30 days. Then we harvested the epididymides, which were stripped of fat and envelope, cut into pieces and placed in the saline at 37 degrees C for 10 to 15 minutes. Then we detected the sperm parameters with the Weili CASA sperm analysis system, measured the levels of serum SOD and MDA, and, following HE staining, observed the histomorphological changes of the testicular tissue under the light microscope.

RESULTSCompared with the controls, the rats treated with high-, medium- and low-dose YKC exhibited significantly increased sperm concentration ([152.3 +/- 24.0] x 10(6)/ml vs [334.5 +/- 97.7], [302.7 +/- 158.9] and [221.4 +/- 75.6] x 10(6)/ml, P < 0.05) and markedly improved sperm motility ([26.5 +/- 2.0]% vs [35.5 +/- 5.9], [33.1 +/- 5.4] and [28.4 +/- 2.1]%, P < 0.01). High-dose YKC significantly increased the level of serum SOD ([22.0 +/- 5.3] U/ml, P < 0.01) and reduced the content of MDA ([13.6 +/- 4.6] nmol/ ml, P < 0.01). Testicular histology showed that YKC induced more active proliferation of cells, and increased the number of dividing cells and that of mature sperm in the lumen, with little interstitium, abundant blood vessels, and well-developed stromal cells.

CONCLUSIONYixin Kangtai Capsule can improve spermatogenesis in aged SD rats by regulating the levels of SOD and MDA.

Aging ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood