Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide,particularly in young adults.Conventional imaging modalities such as CT or MRI can show most of the morphological changes of the brain in TBI.PET/CT and PET/MR can acquire both functional and morphological images compared with CT or MRI alone,which might be helpful for the diagnosis,management and prognosis evaluation of TBI.This review summarizes the applications of PET imaging in TBI patients.

Objective To evaluate the value of double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler in colorectal anastomosis,especially in low colorectal anastomosis. Methods The clinical data of 168 cases of rectal carcinomas treated with double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler were retrospectively reviewed.The intraoperative condition,postoperative complications and findings during follow up were analysed. Results During the operations,the processes of closure and anastomosis of all the patients were satisfactory,and no operative death occurred.After the operations,4 cases(2.4%) had anastomotic leakage,3 cases(1.8%) had anastomotic bleeding,and 2 cases(1.2%) had rectovaginal fistula.All the complications were cured.There was no anastomotic stricture. Conclusion Double stapling technique with curved cutter stapler may help to accomplish low colorectal anastomosis which is a difficult task for handed suture.

Biomedical research involving human body needs to be reviewed and oversight by the Institute Review Board (IRB) is the important international rule,aimed to protect human subjects.Ethics,however,may limited the freedom and innovation of medical research.It is an important task for the medical researchers on how to make the medical research to meet the demands of ethics,to avoid the risk,and to promote the innovation for the better development of the medical research.

Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; secondary ; Carcinoid Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; metabolism ; pathology ; secondary ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Chromogranin A ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors ; metabolism ; pathology ; Synaptophysin ; metabolism ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

A diving decompression procedure is a specific rule that divers should follow when they ascend and get out of water. It comes from the decompression theory and algorithm and is designed for the prevention of decompression sickness. With the ， ， development of diving technology and diving medicine the decompression procedures are constantly innovated and the new ， decompression procedure can be used in diving practice after safety verification. In principle the safety verification of ， decompression procedures should be conducted on animal experiments before human experiments and the risks of ， decompression sickness and oxygen toxicity should be systematically assessed. However the assessment methods used in ， ， ， different studies differ greatly thus it is urgent to establish a standard and universal verification system. Traditionally the risk ， ， assessment of decompression sickness and oxygen toxicity is mainly carried out by observing the incidence detecting bubbles ， theoretical calculation and lung functional test. Furthermore biochemical indicators are increasingly becoming important ， ， supplements. Due to the special underwater environment the diving operation is prone to accidents. Therefore in addition to ， verifying the safety of the new decompression procedure exploring its safety decompression limit is of great significance for the formulation of emergency decompression procedures in emergency situations. The specific approach is to shorten the decompression time and assess the safety until the critical time for detecting bubbles without the occurrence of decompression ， ， sickness is found. Future studies should continue to optimize safety assessment methods explore sensitive biochemical markers ， clarify species associations and improve verification efficiency and reliability of results.

Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of pandemic influenza. Because influenza virus is highly variable across strains, universal influenza vaccines need to be developed to address this problem. This review describes the research progress in conserved epitopes of influenza virus, the advances in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of NP, M2e, HA2, and headless HA, the mechanisms of cross-protection, and the methods to improve cross-protection.
Animals ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Species Specificity ; Viral Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of component I from agkistrodon acutus venomon (AAVC-I) the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to elucidate the possible anti-angiogenic mechanism of AAVC-I.

METHODSThe effect of AAVC-I on the migration of HUVECs which was cultivated in vitro and treated with AAVC-1 at four concentrations: 0, 20, 40, 80 microg/ml, was observed by methods of scratch wound-healing and Transwell assay. The expression level of mRNA and protein of P-selectin and intercellular cell adhension molecule-I (ICAM-1) were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot assay.

RESULTSCompared with the blank group, the migration ability of HUVECs in each AAVE-I treated group was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, and the expression level of the mRNA and protein of P-selectin and ICAM-1 were decreased.

CONCLUSIONAAVC-I inhibits the migration of endothelial cell, which is acted by down-regulation of the expression content of mRNA and protein of P-selectin and ICAM-1.

Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Crotalid Venoms ; pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; P-Selectin ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of chronic aluminum exposure on the learning and memory abilities and brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

METHODSThirty-two male SD rats were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups: control group and high-, middle-, and low-dose exposure groups. The rats in high-, middle-, and low-dose exposure groups were fed with the feed mixed with AlCl(3) (120.0, 12.0, and 1.2 mg/kg, respectively), while the rats in control group were fed conventionally. After 6 months of feeding, brain aluminum levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Morris water maze was employed to test the learning and memory abilities; the expression and content of BDNF in brain tissue were measured by Western blot and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSThe high- and middle-dose exposure groups had significantly higher brain aluminum levels than the control group (P<0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the high- and middle-dose exposure groups had significantly prolonged escape latency (P<0.05), significantly prolonged time taken to first reach the target quadrant (P<0.01), and significantly decreased number of platform crossings and time spent in the target quadrant (P<0.05), as compared with the control group. The Western blot and ELISA showed that the expression and content of BDNF in brain tissue decreased as the dose of AlCl(3) increased, and they were significantly lower in the high- and middle-dose exposure groups than in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONChronic aluminum exposure (12.0 and 120.0 mg/kg) can lead to cognitive dysfunction in rats, and the decreased expression of BDNF may be one of the mechanisms of learning and memory deficits induced by aluminum.

Aluminum ; toxicity ; Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

In this study, we explored the feasibility of biotin-mediated modified polymeric micelles for pancreatic cancer targeted photodynamic therapy. Poly (ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (mPEG2000-DSPE) served as the drug-loaded material, biotin-poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (Biotin-PEG3400-DSPE) as the functional material and the polymeric micelles were prepared by a thin-film hydration method. The targeting capability of micelles was investigated by cell uptake assay in vitro and fluorescence imaging in vivo and the amounts of Biotin-PEG-DSPE were optimized accordingly. Hypocrellin B (HB), a novel photosensitizer was then encapsulated in biotinylated polymeric micelles and the anti-tumor efficacy was evaluated systemically in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that micelles with 5 mol % Biotin-PEG-DSPE demonstrated the best targeting capability than those with 20 mol % or 0.5 mol % of corresponding materials. This formulation has a small particle size [mean diameter of (36.74 ± 2.16) nm] with a homogeneous distribution and high encapsulation efficiency (80.06 ± 0.19) %. The following pharmacodynamics assays showed that the biotinylated micelles significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of HB against tumor cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo, suggesting a promising potential of this formulation for treatment of pancreatic cancer, especially those poorly permeable, or insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; Biotin ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Micelles ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Photochemotherapy

BACKGROUND:Our previous studies confirmed that NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs has good sustained release effect and biological activity in vitro, and can induce the differentiation of PC12 cel s into neuron-like cel s.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the feasibility of neuronal differentiation of neural stem cel s from septal area of fetal brain induced by NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs and its influence on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
METHODS:According to optimization prescription, NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs were prepared by multiple emulsion solvent diffusion method. Neural stem cel s were induced to neuronal differentiation in six groups, including control group, NGF group, NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group, LY294002 group, LY294002+NGF group and LY294002+NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group. Neurons were identified by immunofluorescence, while phosphorylation levels of Akt in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were detected by western blotting.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The proportions ofβ-Tubulin III-positive neurons in control group, NGF group, NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group, LY294002 group, LY294002+NGF group and LY294002+NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group were (22.80±2.58)%, (35.80±3.98)%, (35.40±5.77)%, (26.60±3.87)%, (21.20±2.59)%and (25.80±7.22)%, respectively. There were no statistical differences in neuronal differentiation between NGF group and NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group (P>0.05), but the ratios of neural differentiation in the two groups were both higher than that in the other four groups (P<0.05). Western blotting results revealed that there were no statistical differences in Akt phosphorylation levels between NGF group and NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs group (P>0.05), but the phosphorylation levels of Akt were both higher than other four groups (P<0.05). There were also no significant differences between LY294002+NGF and LY294002+NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs groups and control group (P>0.05), but the phosphorylation levels of Akt were higher than LY294002 group (P<0.05). Results suggest that NGF-PEG-PLGA-NPs promoted neural differentiation of neural stem cel s. The role might be related to increasing phosphorylation levels of Akt in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.