Alzhelmer's disease (AD) is an important neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has indicated that the production and loss of the myelin,sheath are associated with AD because the particular vulnerability of oligodendrocytes produced in the late stage makes the loss of the myelin sheath take a core position in the changes of the earliest stage of AD. The loss of the myelin sheath disrupts synchronization of impulses on which normal brain functions highly depend, and ultimately results in the function disruption of cortical association regions and subsequent neuronal loss. Meanwfiile, there are diverse mechanisms that make oligodendrocytes degeneration exist in the brains of AD. Therefore, elucidating its specific mechanism may help better understanding of AD, and thus provide some help for its treatment.

This paper introduced the latest healthcare management and the service delivery system including health resources in Macao,highlighting the developed legal system,government financing policies for health sector,the well-developed medical service referral system,favorable development supports for private medical institutions,and remuneration incentive policies for health workers in Macao.These may serve as the useful implications and recommendations for health reform and development in mainland of China.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; metabolism ; Adenosine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Cell Differentiation ; Diketopiperazines ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Pyrimidinones ; therapeutic use ; Quinazolines ; therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction ; Triazines ; therapeutic use ; Wnt Proteins ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the ex pr ession of nm23-H1 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in huma n glioma cells. Methods Expression of nm23-H1 and PCNA in 53 br ain gliomas were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The immunohistochemistry staini ng of nm23-H1 protein in low-grade astrocytomas (grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ) was significantly higher than that in high-grade astrocytomas (grades Ⅲ and Ⅳ). The immunohistochemistry staining of PCNA in high-grade astrocytomas was s ignificantly higher than that in low-grade astrocytomas. Conclusion The lower expression of nm23-H1 protein and the higher expression of PCNA are correlated with the pathological grade of glioma cells. The expression of nm23-H1 may be used as a hopeful marker for predicting the metastastic potential of gliomas.

Objective To explore the impact of total parathyroidectomy(tPTX)on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity(cfPWV)in hemodialysis patients. Methods A total of 35 patients undergoing hemodialysis with refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism and treated with tPTX were studied. Before tPTX and 1 year after the oper-ation,cfPWVwas measured and hepatic and renal function,serum calcium,serum phosphorus,intact parathyroid hormone and hemoglobin were measured. The impact of tPTX on cfPWV in hemodialysis patients was analyzed. Results Serum calcium,serum phosphorus and intact parathyroid hormone decreased(P < 0.01),while hemo-globin and serum albumin increased(P < 0.01)and cfPWV decreased 1 year after the operation,which showed statistical significance(P<0.01). The cfPWV of the patients with tPTX was still higher than that of healthy indi-viduals(P<0.01). Conclusion tPTX can effectively reduce cfPWV in hemodialysis patients with refractory sec-ondary hyperparathyroidism.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationships among atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cerebral vasospasm (CVS) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and hyponatremia.MethodsPlasma ANP levels and serum natrium and blood flow rate of intracal major arterial were assessed at different times (1 to 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after SAH) in 42 patients with SAH. Correlation analysis was carried out among plasma ANP, blood sodium level and blood flow rate of intracal major arterial.Results28 patients had CVS. Plasma ANP levels in CVS patients significantly elevated compared with non-CVS and control subjects (P<0.05). Hyponatremia in CVS patients also significantly elevated compared with non-CVS subjects (P<0.05). Plasma ANP level had significant negative relationship with serum natrium level at the 7th day and 14th day (r2=-0.778,r3=-0.653;P<0.01,P<0.05) in SAH patients. Plasma ANP level had significant positive correlation with middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity on the 7th day (r3=0.702,P<0.05) in SAH patients. Middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity had significant negative relationship with serum natrium level on the 7th day and 14th day (r2=-0.693,r3=-0.653 , both P<0.05) in SAH patients.ConclusionANP might cause hyponatremia following SAH and play an important role in pathogenesis of earlier period CVS.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of rhein on reducing starvation-induced autophagic protein expression in renal tubular epithelial ( NRK-52E) cells.

METHODHank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) was used to induce NRK-52E cells to be in the state of starvation. After the intervention of HBSS for 0, 0.5,1, 2 and 6 hours, firstly, the protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3 I/II), which is a key protein in autophagy, was detected. Secondly, the protein expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated-mTOR Ser2448 (p-mTOR S2448) were examined. And then, after the co-treatment of rhein (5 mg x L(-1)) and HBSS (1 mL) without or with mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (100 nmol x L(-1)), the protein expressions of LC3 I/II, mTOR and p-mTOR S2448 were tested, respectively.

RESULTHBSS could induce the up-regulation of LC3 II and the down-regulation of p-mTOR S2448 at protein expression level in NRK-52E cells. The co-treatment of rhein and HBSS could reversely regulate the protein expressions of LC3 II and p-mTOR S2448 in NRK-52E cells significantly. The co-treatment of rapamycin, rhein and HBSS could recover the level of LC3 II protein expression in HBSS-intervened NRK-52E cells.

CONCLUSIONHBSS induces autophagy in renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway activation. Rhein reduces the autophagic protein expression in renal tubular epithelial cells through regulating mTOR signaling pathway activation, which is the possible effects and molecular mechanisms.

Animals ; Anthraquinones ; pharmacology ; Autophagy ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Isotonic Solutions ; pharmacology ; Kidney Tubules ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; physiology

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of fast track surgery in laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: All patients received elective gastric cancer resection, and were divided into three groups: group Ⅰ (open gastrecomy, n = 30) , group Ⅱ (open gastrecomy with fast track surgery, n = 30) , and group Ⅲ (laparoscopic gastrecomy with fast track surger-y ,n =30) . Clinical data and gut function were assessed in three groups. Results: There were no significant differences in postoperative complication and the number of lymph node harvest between 3 groups. Blood loss was less in group Ⅲ than group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P <0.01) ,but its operative time was longer and its cost was more than other two open surgery groups (P < 0. 01). Recovery of bowel function in group Ⅲ was faster,and postoperative hospital stay was shorter than group Ⅰ (P<0.01). However, recovery of bowel function and postoperative hospital stay in group Ⅲ was not different from group Ⅱ (P > 0. 05). Conclusion: Postoperative hospital stay can be shorter and recovery of bowel function can be faster in laparoscopic gastrectomy with fast track surgery plan compared to traditional care group. But when using fast track surgery plan, laparoscopic gastrectomy was not superior to open surgery.

Aim The effects of midazolam on the whole-cell sodium currents in rat sympathetic neurons were studied to explore the mechanisms where by midazolam mediates hypotension. Methods Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on enzymatically isolated rat superior cervical sympathetic neurons. Results Midazolam dose-dependently blocked the whole-cell sodium currents evoked by a voltage step to 0 mV from a holding potential of -80 mV with a mean drug concentration required to produce 50% current inhibition (IC50) values of 18.35 ?mol?L-1; Clinically relevant concentration of midazolam(0.3 ?mol?L-1) reduced sodium peak currents by 19.98%(P

Objective To study intraoperative neural electrophysiological monitoring applied in lumbosacral spinal cord tumor resection.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 212 patients undergoing lumbosacral spinal cord tumor resection with or without intraoperative neural electrophysiological monitoring in our hospital.The patients were divided into two groups:124 patients in the monitored group received intraoperative neural electrophysiological monitoring while 88 ones in the control group did not.The monitoring was performed by recording the cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP),dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential (DSEP) and electromyography (EMG).The patients were followed up for 3-6 months and their postoperative outcome was analyzed.Results There were significant differences in the outcome (P <0.05),but no difference was found in the incidence of complications between the monitored group and the control group.The sensitivity of CSEP +DSEP+EMG was 100%,and the specificity was 55.9% in the former group.Conclusion Combined monitoring with CSEP,DSEP and EMG during lumbosacral spinal cord tumor resection is valuable in protecting the spinal nerve roots and ensuring better operation safety.