BACKGROUND:S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of global cerebral ischemic injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury may elevate the level of serum S100B protein and the severity of brain damage.METHODS:This article is a critical and descriptive review on S100B protein in serum after ischemic brain injury. We searched Pubmed database with key words or terms such as "S100B protein", "cardiac arrest", "hemorrhagic shock" and "ischemia reperfusion injury" appeared in the last five years.RESULTS:S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of ischemic brain injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury elevated the level of serum S100B protein, and the severity of brain damage.CONCLUSION:The level of S100B protein in serum is elevated after ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism is unclear.

OBJECTIVETo observe the expression of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) in matrine (MAT) induced differentiation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, and to explore its correlation to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signal pathway.

METHODSNB4 (an APL cell line sensitive to ATRA) and NB4-R1 (a resistant strain of ATRA) were observed as subjects in this study. Effects of combined treatment of 0.1 mmol/L MAT and 1 [mol/L ATRA on the differentiation of two cell lines were detected using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test and flow cytometry (CD11b). Expressions of PML/RARot and PLSCR1 protein/gene were detected using Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. Meanwhile, H89, PKA antagonist, was used to observe cell differentiation antigen and changes of aforesaid proteins and genes.

RESULTSMAT combined ATRA could significantly elevate positive rates of NBT and CD11 b in NB4-R1 cells, and significantly down-regulate the expression of PML/RARapha-fusion protein/gene (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). ATRA used alone could obviously enhance the expression of PLSCRI in NB4 cells at protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.01). But the expression of PLSCR1 was up-regulated in NB4-R1 cells, but with statistical.difference only at the protein level (P <0. 01). In combination of MAT, PLSCR1 protein expression was further elevated in the two cell lines (P < 0.01). Besides, there was statistical difference in mRNA expressions in NB4-R1 cells (P < 0.05). All these actions could be reversed by treatment of 10 micromol/L H89 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMAT combined ATRA could significantly induce the differentiation of NB4-R1 cells, and inhibit the expression of PML/RARalpha fusion gene/protein, which might be associated with up-regulating PLSCR1 expression.

Alkaloids ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; metabolism ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins ; metabolism ; Quinolizines ; RNA, Messenger ; Signal Transduction ; Tretinoin ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Up-Regulation

This study investigated the effect of puerarin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) injured with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). HUVEC were divided into three groups: a control group, a model group (H₂O₂ 400 μmol·L^-1) and a puerarin-treated group (3, 10, 30 and 100 μmol·L^-1). HUVEC were cultured with varied concentration of puerarin for 2 h and treated with H₂O₂ for another 24 h. Cell proliferation was detected by a CCK-8 assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by a JC-1 fluorescent probe. A transwell chamber assay was adopted to observe cell migration ability. Mitochondrial respiratory function was measured in a two-chamber titration injection respirometer (Oxygraph-2k). The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of pyroptosis-mediated proteins, including cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), N-gasdermin D (N-GSDMD), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) was detected by Western blot. The results show that 400 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂ treatment for 24 h causes obvious damage to HUVEC. Compared with the model group, puerarin protected against cellular injury in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest effect at a dose of 30 and 100 μmol·L^-1. Puerarin significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and improved mitochondrial function. Puerarin inhibited cell migration induced by H₂O₂, suppressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α, and down-regulated the pyroptosis-mediated protein. These changes are statistically significant (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that puerarin has a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage of HUVEC by inhibiting the migration of HUVEC cells. The mechanism may be related to improved mitochondrial respiratory function and inhibition of pyroptosis.

Choroid neovascularization is the characteristic pathological change of many fundus diseases and is the most common cause for severe vision loss and metamorphopsia. Among the pathogenic factors, VEGF is considered to be the most important and treatment targeting VEGF showed promising results. However, anti-VEGF agents need to be administrated frequently and they are usually expensive. Also, some patients got no response to this treatment. These facts force us to find other pathway that involves in the formation of CNV. This article reviews the latest research on CNV-related signaling pathways so as to provide a deeper look into CNV and hopefully point out new directions for treating diseases that share similar pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively investigate the diagnosis and the outcome of Caroli's disease treated by surgical procedures.

METHODSThe clinical data of 68 patients with Caroli's disease treated by surgical procedures between 1996 and 2002 were reviewed, retrospectively.

RESULTSThe patients, with a M/F ratio of 1:1.35 and a mean age of 46, presented mainly with recurrent cholangitis. Of all the patients, 26 had a history of operation for cholelithiasis or cholangitis. On admission, the image investigations suggested that the lesions located at left lobe in 44 patients, right lobe in 9 patients, and whole liver in 15 patients. The coexisting cyst in common bile duct was found in 20 patients. The malignant transformation was found in 5 patients (8.8%). Hepatectomy was performed in 82.4% of patients, with a morbidity rate of 15.0% and mortality rate of 0 after the surgery. The long-term outcome of symptom-free in hepatectomy group was 90.2%, significantly higher than the 33.3% in non-hepatectomy group (P < 0.01) after a 3 to 10 years of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONSHepatectomy offers a curative procedure for local Caroli's disease, and liver transplantation is a good option for diffuse sufferers.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Caroli Disease ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Dengue ; epidemiology ; Dengue Virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics

Background and Objectives: The search for a suitable alternative for urethral defect is a challenge in the field of urethral tissue engineering. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess multipotential for differentiation. The in vitro derivation of urothelial cells from mouse-iPSCs (miPSCs) has thus far not been reported. The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient and robust differentiation protocol for the differentiation of miPSCs into urothelial cells. Methods: and Results: Our protocol made the visualization of differentiation processes of a 2-step approach possible. We firstly induced miPSCs into posterior definitive endoderm (DE) with glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) inhibitor and Activin A. We investigated the optimal conditions for DE differentiation with GSK3β inhibitor treatment by varying the treatment time and concentration. Differentiation into urothelial cells, was directed with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and recombinant mouse fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10). Specific markers expressed at each stage of differentiation were validated by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting Assay. The miPSC-derived urothelial cells were successfully in expressed urothelial cell marker genes, proteins, and normal microscopic architecture. Conclusions We built a model of directed differentiation of miPSCs into urothelial cells, which may provide the evi-dence for a regenerative potential of miPSCs in preclinical animal studies.

OBJECTIVETo summarize the experience of surgical resection of 103 hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

METHODSOne hundred and three consecutive cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection at our hospital over the past ten years were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical data and long-term outcome were analyzed.

RESULTSOut of 103 cases, 43 patients underwent radical resection (41.7%), and 60 patients underwent palliative resection. There were 34 patients developed postoperative complications and 8 patients died in hospital. For the radical resection group, the median survival time was 29.9 months and 1-year, 3-year, 5-year survival rate was 69.6%, 42.0%, 20.9%, respectively, which was significant greater than 34.1%, 10.2%, 0 of the palliative resection group (P < 0.05). Over the past five years, 42 cases underwent pre-operative drainage of bile and the rate of combined liver resection reached 53.8%. The tumor radical resection rate has increased to 45.7%, the median survival time have reached 24.7 months (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSImprovement of pre-operative management, intraoperative pathology for resection margin, and combined liver resection may help in increasing the radical resection rate. Radical resection can improve postoperative survival, and produce a satisfactory outcome for patient with hepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Adult ; Aged ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; mortality ; surgery ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; mortality ; surgery ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVEIn contrast to CD(4)(+) helper T-lymphocytes (T(H)), little is known about the transcriptional regulation of CD(8)(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc) and its role in the pathogenesis of asthma is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of T-bet and GATA-3 mRNA expression on profiles of type 1 and type 2 cytotoxic T lymphocytes in asthmatic children.

METHODTotally 38 asthmatic children, including acute attack group composed of 20 cases (age 3 - 13 years, mean 6.2 +/- 2.9), remission group with 18 cases (age 3 - 12 years, mean 6.1 +/- 2.5) and 20 healthy control children (age 3 - 12, 6.9 +/- 2.7) were recruited in this study from Sep. 2005 to Mar. 2006. The mRNA expression of T-bet and GATA-3 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by using semi-quantitative PCR and Tc1, Tc2 cell numbers by flow cytometry analysis system.

RESULTT-bet mRNA in asthmatic children was lower than that in control group and lower in attack stage than in remission stage (0.14 +/- 0.04, 0.21 +/- 0.03, 0.28 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05). In contrast, GATA-3 mRNA was higher in asthmatic children than in control group and higher in attack stage than in remission stage (0.49 +/- 0.09, 0.44 +/- 0.08, 0.37 +/- 0.04, P < 0.05). It was shown that Tc1 percentage was lower in asthmatic children than those of control group and lower in attack stage than those of remission stage (6.6 +/- 2.4, 14.2 +/- 4.3, 31.2 +/- 3.8, P < 0.05). Tc2 percentage in asthmatic children was higher than that of control group and higher in attack stage than that of remission stage (10.0 +/- 4.2, 5.4 +/- 2.2, 3.5 +/- 1.1, P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that T-bet mRNA was positively correlated with Tc1 percentage (r = 0.704) and negatively correlated with Tc2 percentage (r = -0.629). GATA3 mRNA was negatively correlated with Tc1 percentage (r = -0.612) and positively correlated with Tc2 percentage (r = 0.673). The T-bet/GATA-3 mRNA ratio was positively correlated with Tc1 percentage (r = 0.731) and Tc1/Tc2 (r = 0.773), while negatively correlated with Tc2 percentage (r = -0.642).

CONCLUSIONThe imbalance of T-bet/GATA-3 mRNA expression is closely correlated with skewed Tc2 dominance in asthmatic children.

Adolescent ; Asthma ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo detect the expression of lung aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in mice with acute allergic asthma and the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on AQP5 expression, and investigate the role of AOP5 in asthma pathogenesis.

METHODSMouse models of acute allergic asthma were randomly divided into acute asthma group, normal control group and DEX treatment group. The total number of white blood cells, the subpopulations, and the levels of IL-5 and IFN-gamma were detected in the bronchoalveolar larvage fluid (BALF). The lung tissue AQP5 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, and AQP5 distribution by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSIn asthma group, the total white blood cells, eosinophils and IL-5 levels were all significantly higher (P<0.01) and IFN-gamma levels lower than those of the control group (P<0.01). After DEX treatment, the levels underwent a significant reverse change (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively). AQP5 mRNA expression in the asthma group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01), and was significantly lowered with DEX treatment (P<0.01). Extensive inflammatory changes, mucus hypersecrection, several edema and inflammatory cell infitration around the blood vessels were observed in the lung tissue of the mice in the asthma group. The morphological changes of the treatment group were significantly ameliorated. AQP5 protein was detected in the type I alveolar epithelial cells, the airway columnar epithelial cells and the apical membranes of the submucosal gland acinar cells in the control group. Stronger AQP5 protein expression was found in the asthma group.

CONCLUSIONAQP5 is over-expressed in mice with acute asthma which is possibly associated with mucus hypersecrection. DEX can inhibit AQP5 expression and ameliorate allergic airway inflammation, edema and mucus hypersecrection.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Aquaporin 5 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Asthma ; genetics ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Random Allocation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction