OBJECTIVE:To compare the cost of 4 kinds of second-line drug treatment regimes(docetaxel, pemetrexed, gefitinib,and erlotinib)for non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). METHODS: The utilization information of medical resources in the NSCLC treatment regimes was collected from experts who were familiar with NSCLC treatment. The costs of 4 kinds of second-line drug treatment regimes were calculated using micro-simulation method. RESULTS: The costs of every cycle period(3 weeks)were 12 237.02 yuan for docetaxel regime, 12 102.82 yuan for gefitinib, 27 614.93 yuan for pemetrexed and 14 272.76 yuan for erlotinib. CONCLUSION: Gifitinib is not inferior to docetaxel in terms of pharmaeconomics for those with 6 months or longer period of anticipated progression-free survival.

OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between the price-lowering policy and the shortage of low-price essential medicines.METHODS:We expounded the practice of price-lowering policy in China and its effect on the production and circulation of low-price essential medicines,and analyzed the shortage problem of the low-price essential medicines using economic equilibrium analysis.RESULTS:The shortage of low-price essential medicines mainly manifested as shortage of supply,and the price-lowering policy has enlarged the gap between market demand and the supply of low price essential medicines.CONCLUSION:The national essential medicine policy should provide institutional protection for reasonable drug price level as well as the production and supply of low-price essential medicines,and the simple price-lowering policy must evolve to be included in the comprehensive institutional "healthcare reform" strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the Canadian drug regulatory system.METHODS: Literature review and descriptive analysis.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Based on the Canadian health system and drug market,the Canadian drug regulatory system is an integrated system in terms of its regulation on drug approval,price review as well as reimbursement management.

On the basis of a retrospective summary of the policies for foreign-invested hospitals in China,this paper analyzed the main issues facing wholly foreign-owned hospitals and suggested a basket of strategies to promote the development of such hospitals in China (Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone.

OBJECTIVE:To illustrate the drug expenditure and drug price regulation in Canada for reference by China. METHODS: Literature review and descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It was estimated in 2007 the drug expenditure in Canada accounted for 16.8% of national health expenditure, and the per capita drug expenditure was estimated to be 818 Canadian dollars. The regulation of drug price in Canada includes monitoring and reporting of both patented drugs and non-patented drugs. Reference pricing is applied in patented drugs review process, and corresponding methodologies regarding international and domestic comparison are clearly designed.

Object detection systems are widely used in many fields. To speed up object detection, a rapid method based on color feature is presented in this paper. Artificial neural network is used for color classification. A series of original objects are gained through searching the most outstanding feature of the marker based on multi-resolution. A set of features obtained from these original objects in the original image, and artificial neural network are used for object classification. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of this method.

Eight batches of raw material of pollen preparation——pollen mass have heen investigated in their character,specific pollen rate, abnormal toxicity test and residue of pesticide. These data will avail the quality control of pollen mass and assurance of safety and effect of pollen preparation.

The mdr 1-type P-glycoprotein can confer multidrug resistance to tumor cells by actively pumping a wide variety of drugs from the cells. To counteract this drug resistance, P-glycoprotein-blocking agents are currently administered to patient during chemotherapy. However, this may also affect the normal physiological functions of the mdr 1-type P-glycoprotein. The P-gp is a transmembrane efflux transporter found on the luminal side of the capillary cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier. Recent insights recognize P-glycoprotein, as an important element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), play an important role for mdr 1a P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier. Studies in mice, which lack P-gp in the BBB 〔mdr1a (-/-) mice〕, have contributed significantly to these insights. In addition, the potential of new therapeutic approaches in the near future as well as their limitations will be clearified.

The implantation of the foldable multifocal intraocular lens,a new pseudophakia intraocular substitute,needs only a small incision and the post-operative complications are rare.The incoming light can be refracted into several fo-cuses.Improved visual acuities both for far and near distance are obtained,which downregulated the glasses-wearing rate.This article summarizes the theories and designs,implantation,clinical application,theropeutic outcomes,and complications of this type of multifocal intraocular lens.

OBJECTIVE:To study the relevance between the distribution of chain drug stores and medical institutions in Shanghai.METHODS:Taken the density of chain drug stores and medical institutions as index for the description of their distribution,and both non-parametric and parametric methods were applied in the relationship analysis.RESULTS:It was found that the density of chain drug stores and that of the medical institutions were in nonlinear and concaved downward re?lationship.CONCLUSION:The study suggested that currently the distribution of chain drug stores in shanghai is incongruous with the competition pressure from hospital pharmacies.