Objective To investigate the microbial disinfection and sterilization effectiveness of an electron linear accelerator on the surface and interior of postal packages, and to design and conduct a penetrating radiation disinfection and sterilization experiment. Methods This experiment selected Bacillus pumilus E601 (ATCC 27142) as the indicator microbial strain for radiation. An experimental model of postal package was subjected to penetrating radiation with different dose gradients using high-energy electron beams generated by an S-band 10 MeV electron linear accelerator. The disinfection and sterilization effectiveness was assessed by culturing and counting B. pumilus after high-energy electron beam radiation treatment. A control group was established to analyze the influence of actual absorbed doses at different gradients on the disinfection and sterilization effectiveness of the electron linear accelerator. Results The actual absorbed doses of high-energy electron-beam radiation required to achieve 1-, 3-, and 6-log reductions of B. pumilus were 1.63, 5.07, and 10.22 kGy, respectively. Complete inactivation was achieved at an absorbed dose of 10.92 kGy, which met the processing requirements specified in the technical standard for ionizing-radiation disinfection. Conclusion The experimental data indicated that the actual absorbed dose for B. pumilus is linearly positively correlated with the log reduction of bacterial colonies killed by electron beam radiation. For disinfection and sterilization requirements in different scenarios, the required actual absorbed dose can be achieved by dynamically adjusting the operating speed of the under-beam transmission system.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of a clustered outbreak of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)as well as the ecological tick monitoring results for Zibo City, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods A case definition was cited before epidemic investigations were performed. Epidemiological investigations were performed on the index cases and their close contacts. Blood samples were collected from cases and close contacts, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to detect SFTS virus(SFTSV)nucleic acid sequences. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze risk factors and develop prevention and control strategies. Results This clustered outbreak involved two index cases and six close contacts with no deaths. Case A exhibited symptom onset on July 26. SFTS was confirmed on August 2. Case B exhibited symptom onset on August 1, and SFTS was confirmed on August 3. Patient B reported a recent history of tick bites. In both index cases, the incubation period for SFTS was inferred to be 7-12 days. The time interval from symptom onset to clinical diagnosis in the two cases ranged from 2-8 days, with an average period of 5 days. SFTSV nucleic acid test result were positive for both patients, whereas all six close contacts tested negative. All captured ticks tested negative for SFTSV using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The densities of parasitic and free-living ticks in the emergency monitoring area around the cases were 12.60 and 4.65 ticks/(flag·100 m). In 2024, the average parasitic tick index and free-living tick density index were 4.21 and 2.43 ticks/(flag ·100 m)in Yiyuan County, respectively. Conclusions No evidence of human-to-human transmission was found in the assessed SFTS clusters. The infections were likely acquired through tick bites during fieldwork, and the risk of a subsequent outbreak spreading was low.

The aim of this study was to understand the internal genetic diversity and population history dynamics of ticks in Inner Mongolia,to provide data for designing effective vector control programs and revealing ticks'transmission mechanisms.From 2022 to 2023,the manual collection method was used to collect samples in Inner Mongolia.The 16S rDNA and COI gene sequences of ticks were used to identify Hyalomma marginatum,Haemaphysalis concinna,and Argas persicus,and analyze the sequence characteristics and genetic diversity within the populations.Base composition analysis indicated that the average A+T content of the 16S rDNA gene and CO I gene in the three ticks was significantly higher than that of C+G.Moreover,22 haplotypes of the COI gene and 12 haplotypes of the 16S rDNA sequence were identified in Hyalomma marginatum.Eleven haplotypes were identified according to the COI gene,and nine haplotypes were identified according to the16S rDNA sequence of Haemaphysalis concinna.Two haplotypes were identified on the basis of the COI gene,and six haplotypes were identified on the basis of the 16S rDNA sequence of Ar gas persicus.The minimum 16S rDNA haplotype diversity was 0.264 for Ar gas persicus and 0.579 for the other two species.The nucleotide diversity of the three tick species was less than 0.05.Tajima's val-ue and Fu's Fs value of the neutrality test were negative.Base saturation substitution analysis indicated that neither of the two genes in the three tick species reached saturation.The phylogenetic tree revealed that Hyalomma marginatum,Haema physalis concinna,and Ar gas persicus in Inner Mongolia independently aggregated into branches.In conclusion,the base content of Hyalomma marginatum,Haemaphysalis concinna,and Argas persicus genes in Inner Mongolia was consist-ent with the characteristics of insect mitochondrial DNA content.Furthermore,the three tick populations showed rapid evolu-tionary population expansion,and the phylogeny of three tick species showed independent aggregation into clades,with no pop-ulation isolation.

One-day-old AA broilers were divided into five groups(15 chickens each,5 replicates per group):control(basic diet),three groups with low,medium,and high doses of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae(100,150,200 mg/kg),and one group with Macleaya cordata extract(300 mg/kg).The 42-day trial measured intestinal enzyme activity,morphology,antioxidant and immune capacity,barrier function,and microbiota structure and diversity.Compared to the control and Macleaya cordata groups,the high-dose crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae group significantly increased trypsin activity in the duodenum,jejunum,and ileum(P＜0.05).It also reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels,increased glu-tathione peroxidase activity,reduced tumor necrosis factor-α,increased interleukin-10,and elevated mRNA expression of tight junction protein-1 and mucin-2 in the jejunum(P＜0.05).Microbial di-versity analysis showed higher Shannon index,increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,decreased Proteobacteria,and more beneficial bacteria in the high-dose group(P＜0.05).Supplementing 200 mg/kg of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae enhances intestinal morpholo-gy and function,and promotes intestinal health,thereby increasing farming efficiency.

In order to investigate the effects of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid on immune function and in-testinal health of chicks,185 1-day-old healthy chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups.The blank control group(CG group)was given normal tap water;the high,medium and low dose groups(FZH group,FZM group and FZL group)were given tap water containing 5.00,2.50 and 1.25 g/L of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid,respectively.Starting from the first day of age,the drug was administered continuously for 5 d,and the blood was collected from the subwing vein on the sixth day of the test.The results showed that compared with CG group,thymus index in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,serum IgM,IgG and sIgA in FZH group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and serum IgG and sIgA in FZM group were signifi-cantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,the relative expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNA in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the relative expression of ZO-1 mRNA in FZM and FZH groups was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,Shannon index of FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),Simpson index of FZH group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and many beneficial bacteria such as Strepto-coccus spinosus,Eubacillus spinosus and Lactobacillus spinosus played a synergistic role.The results showed that adding 5.00 g/L Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid in drinking water could improve the immunity of chicks,maintain the intestinal barrier function of chicks,increase the intestinal flora richness and promote the intestinal health of chicks.

A total of 300 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 12 broilers per replicate.The control group was given free drinking water(CG),the astragalus polysaccharide control group(HPS)received 0.8 mL/L of astragalus polysaccharide o-ral liquid in drinking water,and the experimental groups(SBL,SBM,SBH)received 1.5,3.0,4.5 mL/,of Shenling Baizhu Oral Liquid in drinking water.The results showed as follows:com-pared to the CG group,SIgA content in HPS group,group SBM and group SBH was significantly increased(P＜0.05),IL-6 and IL-1β contents were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),Occludin,Mucin-2 and Bcl-2 contents were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The results of 16S rRNA test showed that the specific OUT number in groups HPS and SBM was significantly higher than that in group CG(P＜0.05),α diversity analysis showed that compared with group CG,Chao1 index and Simpson index of group HPS,group SBM and group SBH were significantly increased,and βdiversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in species composition between test group and blank control group(P＜0.05).The relative abundance analysis at the phylum level showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in groups SBM and SBH was significantly higher than that in group CG(P＜0.05).The above results showed that Shenling Baizhu Oral Liquid could improve the intestinal health and enhance the resistance of broilers.

The study aims to investigate the effects of adding different proportions of Codonopsis radix compound crude extracts to the rabbit diet on growth performance,immune status,intesti-nal enzyme activity,structure,and microbial composition.A total of 96 5-week-old New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 6 replicates per group.The control group(BC)was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups(CM-H and CM-L)were fed a basal diet supplemented with 1 000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of Codonopsis radix compound crude extracts,re-spectively.The antibiotic group(CK)was fed a basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg of keto-tifen.The experimental period was 42 days.Blood samples were collected at days 21 and 42,and se-rum biochemical and immune markers were determined.Intestinal segments and contents were col-lected at day 42 for analysis of intestinal health.The results showed that compared with the BC group,the average daily gain,feed-to-gain ratio,and diarrhea rate were significantly higher(P＜0.05)in the CM-H and CM-L groups.The total cholesterol(Tchol)content in the serum was sig-nificantly lower in the CM-H group at day 21 and the CM-L group at day 42(P＜0.05).The high-density lipoprotein(HDL)was significantly higher in the CM-H and CM-L groups than in the CK group at day 42(P＜0.05),and the total protein(TP)in the serum was significantly higher in the CM-H and CM-L groups than in the BC group(P＜0.05).The IgG and IgM levels in the serum were significantly higher in the CM-H and CM-L groups than in the BC group(P＜0.05).In the CM-H and CM-L groups,the content of acetic acid in the colon was significantly higher than that in the BC group(P＜0.05).The content of propionic acid in the colon of the CM-L group was also significantly higher than that in the BC group(P＜0.05).The content of α-amylase in the duode-num,the content of trypsin in the duodenum,the pancreas,and the ileum of the CM-H group were significantly higher than those in the BC group(P＜0.05),and the content of trypsin in the duode-num of the CM-H group was significantly higher than those in the BC group and the CM-L group(P＜0.05).Compared with the BC group,the content of GPX1 in the ileum and jejunum of the CM-L group and the ileum of the CM-H group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the length of the villi in the duodenum of the CM-H group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the BC group,the expression level of ZO-1 in the ileum of the CM-H group was significantly upregulated(P＜0.05),and the expression level of Claudin in the jejunum of the CM-H group and the CM-L group was significantly higher than that in the CK group(P＜0.05).The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the Sob index was significantly higher in the CM-L group compared to the BC group(P＜0.05).At the phylum level,the Firmicutes and Bacteroid-ota phyla were the main phyla.At the genus level,Akkermansia and Ruminococcus were the main genera.The relative abundance of Papillibacter and Eubacterium_ruminantium_group in the CM-L group was significantly higher than that in the CK group(P＜0.05).In summary,adding a Codonopsis radix compound crude extract to the diet can improve the growth performance,immu-nity,antioxidant capacity,integrity of intestinal mucosal structure,enzyme activity in the intestine,and increase the diversity of microorganisms in the blind intestine when the diet is supplemented with 500 mg/kg of Codonopsis radix compound crude extract.

Thirty SPF Kunming male mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups:the control group,the model group,and the low,medium,and high dose groups of Dilong.Except for the control group,the other mice were continuously injected intraperitoneally with 80 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 3 days to prepare an immunosuppressive model.After the model-ing was completed,the control group and the model group were given an equal amount of physio-logical saline by gavage,while the low,medium,and high dose Dilong groups were given 100,200,and 400 mg/kg of Dilong fermented material by gavage,respectively.The treatment lasted for 14 days,and thymus,spleen,blood,and intestinal contents were collected 2 hours after the last admin-istration.The results showed that cyclophosphamide caused a weight loss in mice during the exper-iment,reduced thymus index,white blood cells,lymphocytes,granulocytes,immunoglobulin levels in the blood,and disrupted gut microbiota.Dilong fermented material can effectively improve the decrease in body weight and thymus index of mice,increase the levels of immune cells and immu-noglobulin in the blood,improve the diversity and richness of intestinal microbiota,and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria.Dilong fermented can effectively alleviate the immune suppres-sion and intestinal microbiota disorder caused by cyclophosphamide in mice.Considering all fac-tors,the optimal dosage is 200 mg/kg.

Aim To design and synthesize a series of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives by using glycyrrhetinic acid as the parent nucleus,screen their antitumor activ-ities,and investigate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects and mechanisms of the most active compound.Methods MTT assay was used to screen for the com-pound with the most potent antitumor activity.MTT as-say,wound healing assay,colony formation assay and Transwell migration assay were used to evaluate the effects of the compound on tumor cell viability and mi-gration.Flow cytometry was employed to assess the im-pact of the compound on tumor cell cycle progression and apoptosis.Western blot was conducted to verify the effects on the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax,caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3.A mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma ascites tumor was estab-lished to examine the antitumor effects of the compound in vivo.Results Compound C22 was identified as having the most significant inhibitory effect on hepato-cellular carcinoma cells.C22 inhibited the viability and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner.C22 upreg-ulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax,caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 in hepatocellular car-cinoma cells,induced apoptosis,and arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 and S phases.C22 significantly re-duced the growth of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma as-cites tumors and prolonged survival.Conclusion Glycyrrhetinic acid derivative C22 significantly inhibits the viability and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo,and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Background When discussing the new concept of"pancreas spleen integration"in the early stage,we proposed that dampness heat stagnation in the spleen and deficiency due to stagnation are the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)pathogenesis elements of pancreatitis-induced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,among which dampness heat is the soil of pancreatitis deteriorates into pancreatic cancer.Objective Based on the TCM pathogenesis elements of pancreatitis to cancer with"damp heat"as the main factor,data mining technology was used to analyze the properties,channel conversion and active ingredients of heat-clearing Chinese medicines with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects,and to summarize the drug characteristics of these Chinese medicines.To prospectively predict the use of drugs in the transformation process of pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer.Methods Taking Traditional Chinese Medicine(10th Edition of China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press)as the drug data source,66 heat-clearing herbs were searched in the literature database of CNKI and PubMed of inflammation * TCM or(inflammation+tumor)* TCM.The active ingredients were analyzed in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP).Results Among the 66 heat-clearing drugs(excluding adjunct drugs),58 herbs had anti-inflammatory effects,53 herbs had anti-tumor effects,and 48 herbs had both anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.The three groups of drugs were mainly bitter,sweet and pungent in five flavors,and were mainly liver,stomach,lung,heart and large intestine in meridian affinity.Five flavors and meridian affinity were highly similar.In the TCMSP,the"five principles of drug class"were used to screen the active ingredients of anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor drugs.A total of 1041 active ingredient data were screened,and 798 active ingredient data were screened after duplicate items were deleted.Top three active ingredients were Luteolin,Kaempferol and Acacetin.Conclusion Based on the analysis of five flavors,meridian affinity and active ingredients of heat-clearing medicine,this study found that the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of these Chinese herbs are highly overlapping,it has important guiding significance for the drug research and clinical prescription of pancreatitis-induced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.