According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the basic sciences to support the human health are chemistry, physics and informatics. Chemistry is the base of pharmacy. Physics is the base of medical instruments and equipments (MIE). The diagnosis and therapy of diseases are relying on informatics. Therefore, as the fusion results of physics and medicine, medical physics is the creative source science of MIE. Among all diagnosis tools, medical imaging devices are the fastest-developed and the most-complicated MIE since Roentgen discovered X-ray which was quickly used in medical diagnosis in 1895. Among all treatment tools, the radiotherapeutical devices are the most-widely used and the most effective MIE for tumor treatments since Mrs. Courier found the nature radiation isotope Radium at the end of 19th century and began to use it in tumor therapy. Although the research and development (R&D) of so-complicated MIE need many subjects of science and engineering, the kernel science is medical physics. With the results of more than 50 years' development in developed countries, medical physics has defined its own field, which is the medical imaging physics and the radiotherapeutical physics. But, the definition has been expanded to be wider and wider. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the establishment of Medical Physics in China. In order to develop medical physics in china, the bases of R&D and clinical practice should be also built.
China ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Equipment and Supplies ; Health Physics ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Physics ; instrumentation

OBJECTIVETo study applied anatomy of adult mandibular ramus and condyle.

METHODSObservation and measurement were made on 16 adult mandibular rami and condyles.

RESULTSThickness became gradually greater within 15 mm from the back edge of ramus. Some adult mandibular rami had no spongy bone at the level of 10 mm above mandibular foramen.

CONCLUSIONSThese date are very important for application of lag screw osteosynthesis in condylar fracture.

Adult ; Bone Screws ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; Mandibular Condyle ; anatomy & histology ; Mandibular Fractures ; surgery

Objective:To explore the prognosis and risk factors for conversion from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) to coronary bypass grafting (CABG) during surgery.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2613 patients with elective OPCAB in our hospital from 2001 to 2012, there were 62 (2.37%) patients converted to CABG during the operation as Conversion group, the rest 2551 patients were set as Non-conversion group. The peril-operative baseline clinical data and prognosis condition were compared between 2 groups. The risk factors causing the in-operative conversion were studied with binary logistic regression analysis.
Results: The total conversion rate was 2.37%, including 42 patients of hemodynamic instability, 6 with dififculty of target vessel exposure, 9 with malignant arrhythmia, 3 with graft occlusion and 2 patients with other reasons. Compared with Non-conversion group, the Conversion group had increased post-operative drainage and ventilation time, higher rates of second thoracotomy for stop bleeding and higher peril-operative mortality. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous history of CABG, NYHA class≥3, LVEF≤40%and left main disease were the independent risk factors for in-operative conversion.
Conclusion: Conversion from OPCAB to CABG during the operation would be result in signiifcantly higher morbidity and mortality in relevant patients.

OBJECTIVESlow transit constipation (STC) is a colonic motor disorder whose etiology remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated a crucial role for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in regulation of intestinal motility. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of ICC within the normal sigmoid colon and STC patients.

METHODSTwelve patients with STC and eight age-matched controls were studied. ICC were identified with a monoclonal antibody to c-kit by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Immunostained tissues were examined with a laser scanning confocal microscope and the area occupied by ICC was calculated with image analysis software.

RESULTSICC were located in the external muscle layers including longitudinal muscle (LM), myenteric plexus (MP), circular muscle (CM) and submucosal border (SMB). Two types of Kit-positive ICC were observed: bipolar cells characterized by one or two long processes, and multipolar cells with long stellate processes extending in various directions. A higher percentage of ICC was present in the MP regions and CM layers compared with the SMB and LM layers. Tissues from STC patients showed considerably decreased in number of ICC located in the four regions (ICC-LM, ICC-MP, ICC-CM, ICC-SMP), especially for ICC-SMP, almost completely disappeared.

CONCLUSIONDecreased c-kit + ICC in number may play an important role in the pathophysiology of STC. It remains to be determined whether loss of ICC is primary or secondary to another lesion.

Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Colon, Sigmoid ; pathology ; Constipation ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective: To elucidate the possible mechanism responsible for the improved protection of terminal warm blood cardioplegia (TWBC) after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) through analysis of tubulin (TB) components changes in myocardial cells exposed to TWBC. Methods: Stable animal models of CPB were established in cats, which were then randomly divided into 2 groups. Group Ⅰ was subjected to intermittent cold blood cardioplegia (ICBC) whereas group Ⅱ to ICBC followed by TWBC before uncross-clamping. Left ventricular performance was then monitored and evaluated by LVSP, LVEDP, ±dp/dtmax and t-dp/dtmax in both groups and semi-quantitive analysis was conducted with Western blot method as to the content and constitution of TB in myocardial cells at 15 min, 120 min after aortic crossclamping (ACC) and 5 min,15 min, 60 min,120 min after reperfusion. Results: Within 120 min after reperfusion, systolic and diastolic functions decreased significantly in group Ⅰ as compared with group Ⅱ(P<0.05). At 115 min after ACC and 15 min after reperfusion, the content of free and polymerized TB in both groups had no difference (P>0.05). At 120 min after ACC and 5 minutes after reperfusion, there was a significant difference between groupⅠ andⅡ (P<0.01). Conclusion: TWBC accelerates the repolymerization of myocardial TB during hypothermic CPB, which may mediate the improved cardiac performance in the early stage of myocardial reperfusion.

Objective By comparing with the SD rats mixed glial cells, C57 mice mixed glial cells and Kunming mice mixed glial cells and exploring the expression of inflammatory factor of three mixed glial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the study aimed to explore the application value of three kinds of mice and find the ideal model of inflammation. Methods We used LPS as inducers, and NO, IL － 1β, COX－2and iNOS as anti－inflammatory antioxidant index. After cutting the head and taking the brain, we cultured the mixed glials. Then we used Greiss assay to detect the expression of NO and used western blot to detect the expression of protein of IL－1β, COX－2, and iNOS protein.Finally we compared the mixed glial cells from SD rats, C57 mice mixed glial cells and Kunming mouse mixed glial cells and selected the best inflammation model from three mixed glial cells. Results The results showed that the morphological changes of the mixed glial cells in SD rats were treated with N2－ free medium. Compared with the control group, the quantity of NO of LPS group of three mixed glial cells increased significantly (P＜0.01) . The LPS group of SD rats released the highest concentration of NO. Western blot was used to detect the expression of IL－1β, Cox－2 and iNOS in three kinds of rodents. Compared with the blank control group, the expression of COX－2 protein, iNOS and IL－1β in the LPS group of the three mice increased significantly. The results showed that LPS could successfully stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines in three kinds of mice,among which the SD rats were more sensitive and it could be used in the study of AD inflammation model. Conclusion The results showed that LPS could induce the release of NO and the expression of IL－1β, iNOS and COX－2 in C57BL/6 mice,Kunming mice and SD rats to induce inflammatory response. Thus,LPS can induce the formation of inflammatory oxidation models of the original mixed glial cells of the three mice. Moreover, the SD rats were more sensitive.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a novel hemostatic material AristaTM in the management of active and local bleeding in neurosurgery, and discuss the indications for its application. Methods Forty-eight patients undergoing elective craniotomy in our department between April, 2008 and May, 2009 were randomized into the test group (n=24) and control group (n=24) with intraoperative hemostatic management using AristaTM and gelatin sponge, respectively. The hemostasis time and efficacy of the two materials were compared. Results Hemostasis was effective in all the 48 patients. The mean hemostasis time in the test group and control group was 1.88±0.74 min and 3.38±0.92 min, respectively, showing a significant difference between them (Z=4.711, P=0.001). Conclusion AristaTM allows more efficient management of active and local bleeding than gelatin sponge during neurosurgeries and has great potential for clinical application.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effects of kidney-tonifying and dampness-expelling Chinese herbal medicine combined with doxazosin in the treatment of chronic epididymitis.

METHODSA total of 64 patients with chronic epididymitis were equally randomized into a treatment and a control group, the former treated with kidney-tonifying and dampness-expelling Chinese herbal decoction combined with doxazosin, and the latter given doxazosin only, both for 4 weeks. The clinical symptoms were measured by Chronic Epididymitis Symptom Index (CESI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) before and after the treatment, and the therapeutic effects were evaluated.

RESULTSAfter 4 weeks of medication, the total mean scores on CESI, pain, and quality of life (QOL) were significantly decreased in both the treatment and the control groups (P < 0.05), even more significantly in the former than in the latter (P < 0.05), and so were the scores on SAS and SDS (P < 0.05), but with no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEither doxazosin alone or kidney-tonifying and dampness-expelling Chinese herbal decoction combined with doxazosin is obviously effective on chronic epididymitis, but the combined medication produces an even better efficacy.

Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Doxazosin ; therapeutic use ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Epididymitis ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo study the influence of compound Biejia Ruangan Prescription (CBRP) on extracelluar matrix in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis rats.

METHOD54 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (9 rats in each group). Rats in the model control group, positive medicine group, and high, moderate and low CBRP groups were injected with bleomycin A5 by trachea, and rats in sham-model control group with same volume normal saline. 29 days after the injection, CBRP solution of different dosages (1.4 g x kg(-1), 0.7 g x kg(-1), 0.35 g x kg(-1)) was respectively given to rats in the high, moderate and low CBRP group by gavage, while equal volume of normal saline was given to those in the sham-model control group and model control group, and an equal volume of prednisone (0.56 mg x kg(-1)) was given to those in positive medicine control group. On the 80th day, the levels of III-collagen, IV-collagen, laminin and hyaluronic acid in the serum were determined, the determination of hydroxyproline in lung homogenates was analyzed, and the right lung was incised to make pathological sections which were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson staining for pathological diagnosis.

RESULTCBRP could decrease the levels of III-collagen, IV-collagen, laminin and hyaluronic acid in the serum.

CONCLUSIONCBRP may play its therapeutic role by leveling down the content of extracellular matrix in rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by Bleomycin A5.

Animals ; Bleomycin ; analogs & derivatives ; Collagen Type III ; blood ; Collagen Type IV ; blood ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hyaluronic Acid ; blood ; Hydroxyproline ; metabolism ; Laminin ; blood ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of short-term forest bathing on human health.

METHODSTwenty healthy male university students participated as subjects and were randomly divided into two groups of 10. One group was sent on a two-night trip to a broad-leaved evergreen forest, and the other was sent to a city area. Serum cytokine levels reflecting inflammatory and stress response, indicators reflecting oxidative stress, the distribution of leukocyte subsets, and plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations were measured before and after the experiment to evaluate the positive health effects of forest environments. A profile of mood states (POMS) evaluation was used to assess changes in mood states.

RESULTSNo significant differences in the baseline values of the indicators were observed between the two groups before the experiment. Subjects exposed to the forest environment showed reduced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory level, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor a levels compared with the urban group. Serum cortisol levels were also lower than in the urban group. Notably, the concentration of plasma ET-1 was much lower in subjects exposed to the forest environment. The POMS evaluation showed that after exposure to the forest environment, subjects had lower scores in the negative subscales, and the score for vigor was increased.

CONCLUSIONForest bathing is beneficial to human health, perhaps through preventive effects related to several pathological factors.

Baths ; China ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; blood ; Life Style ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; Male ; Nature ; Recreation ; Stress, Physiological ; Testosterone ; blood ; Trees ; Young Adult