OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) and failure site location of brackets bonded to enamel with or without desensitizer application. METHODS: Sixty-six freshly extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 22. Group 1 served as the control. Desensitizer was applied to the remaining teeth at two time intervals (Group 2, bonded immediately after Pro-Relief(TM) (Colgate-Palmolive Co., New York, NY, USA) application and Group 3, bonded 30 days after Pro-Relief(TM) application with the teeth stored in artificial saliva during the 30 days). Orthodontic brackets were bonded with a light cure composite resin and cured with a halogen light. After bonding, the SBS of the brackets was tested using a universal testing device. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined after the brackets failed. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, Tukey's HSD, and G tests. RESULTS: The SBS was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Groups 1 (p = 0.024) and 3 (p = 0.017). Groups 1 and Group 3 did not differ (p = 0.991). ARI scores did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Pro-Relief(TM) desensitizer agent applied immediately before bonding significantly reduces bond strength, but the SBS values still exceed the minimum 5.9 - 7.8 MPa required for adequate clinical performance. Immersing the teeth in artificial saliva for 30 days after applying the Pro-Relief(TM) desensitizer agent and before bonding increased the SBS to control levels.
Adhesives ; Arginine ; Bicuspid ; Calcium ; Calcium Carbonate ; Collodion ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin Desensitizing Agents ; Humans ; Light ; New York ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Saliva, Artificial ; Shear Strength ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The aim of study was to determine the level of the radiation exposure of surgical staff during surgical probe applications in breast cancer. METHODS: Three operations of a sentinel lymph node biopsy were randomly selected. Spaced circles (50 cm apart) were drawn surrounding the operation bed on the floor. Tc-99m nanocolloid was injected peritumorally and intradermally into a patient. The radiation dose was measured with a GeigerMueller counter placed according to the drawn circles at distances of 50-200 cm from the side of patient's head and bilateral chest while the patient lay on the operation bed. All of the surgical procedures were recorded with a video camera and were monitored. RESULTS: The whole body dose to the senior surgeon was calculated as 2.00-4.70 microSv which means that a senior surgeon can perform 212-500 procedures per year to reach the annual International Commission on Radiological Protection radiation dose limit for a member of the public. CONCLUSION: We concluded that radiation risk to the surgical staff is low from sentinel node detection with the use of radiocolloids.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Floors and Floorcoverings ; Head ; Humans ; Nitriles ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Pyrethrins ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Thorax

INTRODUCTIONMethyl bromide is a toxic substance that has hazardous effects on human health with acute and chronic exposure. Our previous study showed that methyl bromide applicators frequently use large amounts of methyl bromide haphazardly in greenhouses in the prefectures of Narlidere and Balcova in the Aegean city of Izmir. This study aims to evaluate the health conditions of these workers.

MATERIALS AND METHODSOur previous study showed that there are 38 methyl bromide applicators in our study area. After the informed consent of methyl bromide applicators was obtained, a questionnaire was used for a survey of demography and symptoms. Each subject was examined before and after application of the compound. Blood and urine samples were collected and stored. Blood samples were analysed for methyl bromide and bromide ion, kidney and liver function tests and lipid profile.

RESULTSThe age range of subjects was 19 to 53 years (mean age: 41 +/- 8.57). This study showed that methyl bromide applicators use large amounts of methyl bromide disregarding legal regulations and that some of them had nonspecific complaints. Subjects had been working as methyl bromide applicators for approximately 9.7 +/- 4.15 years. A total of 69.7% of methyl bromide applicators reported that they did not use protective equipment while 33.3% of them had a history of acute methyl bromide intoxication. A statistically significant relationship was found between the usage of protective equipment and the level of blood bromide ion in the blood (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONUsage of methyl bromide, training, screening and follow-up of applicators must be rigorously controlled in accordance with national legal arrangements and international protocols. Greater efforts are required in the implementation of controls to achieve the targets set by the legal regulations and to ensure continual improvement in the limitation of the risks of this environmental hazard.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Gardening ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated ; blood ; toxicity ; urine ; Inhalation Exposure ; adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Noxae ; blood ; toxicity ; urine ; Occupational Diseases ; chemically induced ; epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Protective Clothing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; Turkey ; epidemiology