Brain metastasis ( BM) is a common brain tumor in a-dults, originating from extracranial location in the body. There has been a growing interest in producing suitable animal models for studying BM in vivo. Current BM models take peripheral or brain route for tumor cell inoculation, including intra-cardiac or intra-carotid artery injection or orthotopic injection. Direct im-plantation of patient tumor biopsies into rodent brain bears ad-vantages of clinical relevance. This review presents a compre-hensive introduction to key elements for establishing animal mod-els of BM, with highlights on selections of suitable model ani-mals, brain-seeking tumor cell lines, reasonable inoculation routes, as well as succedent phenotyping methods. In the end, perspectives and future directions in this field are discussed.

Objective To study the effect and safety of Shugan Jieyu capsules combined with olanzapine tablets in the treatment of schizophrenia,and to analyze its effects on the patients’ depressive symptoms.Methods According to the digital table,80 patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into control group and observation group,40 cases in each group.The control group was treated with olanzapine,while the observation group was given olanzapine combined with Shugan Jieyu capsules.During the treatment,the other antidepressants,antipsychotics and mood stabilizers were prohibited.Results After treatment,the scores of CDSS,PANSS,PSQI and SQLS in the two groups were improved,and the differences were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.05).The CDSS score was (3.4 ± 2.5) points,PANSS score was (36.2 ± 7.5) points,PSQI score was (3.4 ± 2.5) points and SQLS total score was (79.1 ± 16.2)points in the observation group,which were all better than those in the control group[CDSS score was (2.8 ± 2.0) points,PANSS score was (40.5 ± 8.7) points,PSQI score was (5.8 ± 3.3) points and SQLS total score was (59.4 ± 19.1) points],the differences were statistically significant (t =5.942,2.368,3.666,4.975,all P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,TCHO,TG,SBP,DBP and GLU were decreased in both two groups,but no significant differences were shown compared with before treatment(t =1.265,0.425,1.224,1.236,0.670,all P＞ 0.05),and there were no significant differences between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05).After treatment,the total effective rate of the control group(67.5％) was lower than 85.0％ of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =4.267,P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(x2 =0.139,0.164,0.105,0.263,0.263,0.180,all P ＞0.05).Conclusion For the treatment of schizophrenia,combined therapy of olanzapine tablets and Shugan Jieyu capsules has significant effect and higher safety,it can improve the patients'depressive symptoms,regulate the body's metabolism and improve their sleep and life quality.

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism* ; Humans ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism* ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Mutation ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Troponin T/metabolism*